Handbook 


on 


Wood  Preservation 


Wood  preservation  is  wood  perpetuation. 


American  Wood-Preservers'  Association 
1916 


Copyright,  1916 

By 
AMERICAN  WOOD-PRESERVERS'  ASSOCIATION. 


Agrir  Literary 


HE  PITERS  PUB.  &   °T8.  CO.,    BALT 


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FOREWORD. 

Wood  properly  preserved  is  practically  permanent  wood,  and  be- 
cause efficient  avoids  the  cost  of  unnecessary  replacements.  The  treat- 
ment of  timber  to  make  it  last  the  limit  of  its  serviceability  is  a 
fundamental  feature  of  modern  engineering.  Briefly,  in  the  following 
pages,  the  American  Wood-Preservers'  Association  presents  facts  and 
figures  for  those  becoming  interested  in  the  subject.  Further  informa- 
tion will  be  cheerfully  given  by  any  of  its  members  or  officers  (see 
pages  47-55).  Reference  to  the  literature  listed  on  pages  56-73  also  is 
recommended.  The  most  comprehensive  publications  on  the  subject  are 
the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Wood-Preservers'  Association  and 
Howard  F.  Weiss'  "Preservation  of  Structural  Timber."  For  the 
guidance  of  treating-plant  operators,  construction  engineers,  and  others 
interested  in  the  technique  of  wood  preservation,  the  American  Wood- 
Preservers'  Association  will  soon  issue  the  beginnings  of  a  Manual  of 
Recommended  Practice. 

By  up-to-date  methods  and  in  conformity  with  the  best  practice 
wood  can  be  so  preserved  that  its  life  is  prolonged  to  at  least  three 
times  what  it  would  be  without  treatment.  Consumers  of  wood  can 
figure  the  savings  for  their  own  particular  service,  after  getting  quota- 
tions from  their  nearest  wood-preserving  plant.  Large  users  of  treated 
wood  estimate  savings  as  follows :  Ties,  2  to  10  cents  per  tie  per  year ; 
piles,  20  to  100  cents  per  pile  per  year;  poles,  5  to  15  cents  per  pole,  per 
year ;  posts,  1  to  3  cents  per  post  per  year ;  mine  timbers,  2  to  3  dollars 
per  gangway  set  per  year. 


448940 


in 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

Decay,  Preparation  and  Treatment  of  Wood : 

Origin  of  Decay 1 

Kinds  of  Decay 1 

Conditions  Favorable  to  Fungous  Growth 1 

Woods  that  Resist  Decay 1 

Kinds  of  Wood  that  Need  Treatment 1 

Consumption  of  Treatable  Woods 2 

Seasoning  Wood  Before  Treatment 2 

Quantities  of  Preservatives  Injected  into  Wood 3 


Chronicle  of  Wood  Preservation: 

Egyptian  Embalming  Fluid 4 

Greek  Art  4 

Roman  Antiseptic  Oils 4 

British  Preserving  Warship  Timbers 4 

Dutch  Preserving  Marine  Structures 4 

Famous  Oil  WelT  in  Burmah 4 

Beginning  of  Scientific  Wood  Preservation 4 

Patents  4 

First  Cross-Ties  Treated  in  United  States 4 

First  Commercial  Wood-Preserving  Plant  in  United  States ...  4 

Processes  and  Methods  of  Wood  Preservation .  4-12 


Progress  in  Wood  Preservation : 

Founding  of  Wood-Preserving  Industry  in  United  States....      13 
Factors  in  Growth  of  Wood  Preservation  in  United  States ....      13 

Plants  in  Operation  in  United  States 13 

Classes  of  Material  Treated  in  United  States 13-20 

Commercial   Plants 13 

Railroad   Plants 13 

Quantity  of  Wood  Treated  in  United  States 13-20 

Distribution  of  Wood-Preserving  Plants  in  United  States 21 


Processes  for  Preserving  Wood : 

Non-Pressure  Processes 22 

Pressure  Processes 22 

Brush   Treatment 22 

Dipping  or  Steeping  Treatments 22 

Treating  Cylinders 22 

Full-Cell  Treatments 23 

Empty-Cell    Treatments 23 

Bethell  Process 23 

Boiling  Process 24 

Boulton   Process 24 

Burnett    Process 24 

Card  Process 25 

Lowry   Process 25 

Rueping  Process 25 

Steaming   Process 26 


IV 


CONTENTS 
Wood  Preservatives: 

Page 

Substances  Proposed  for  Protecting  Wood  Against  Decay....  27 

Merits  of  a  Preservative 27 

Economic  Value  of  Various  Preservatives 27 

Preservatives  Used  in  United  States 27 

Creosote  as  a  Preservative 28 

Specifications   for   Creosote 28, 29 

Zinc  Chloride  as  a  Preservative 29 

Specification  for  Zinc  Chloride * ...  29 

Manufacturers  of  or  Dealers  in  Wood  Preservatives : 

Creosote  30,  31 

Zinc   Chloride 31 

Patented  Proprietary  Preservatives 31,  32 

Uses  of  Preserved  Wood : 

Merits  of  Wood 33 

Principal  Uses  of  Treated  Wood 33 

Railway  Ties  and  Timbers 33 

Telegraph  and  Telephone  Material 33 

Paving  and  Flooring  Material 33,  34 

Structural   Timbers 34 

Manufacturers  of  Wood-Preserving  Equipment : 

Retorts,  Tanks,  Etc -.      35 

Users  of  Preserved  Wood : 

\ 

Railroads    \  . » 36 

Manufacturing  Companies. .  /. . 36 

Mining  Companies 36 

Agriculturists  36 

Shipbuilding  Companies  36 

U.  S.  Government 36 

Municipalities  36 

Telephone,  Telegraph,  Light  and  Power  Companies 36 

Wood-Preserving  Plants : 

United  States 37-40 

Canada  39,  40 

Mexico  39 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association: 

Constitution 41-46 

Officers  and  Committees 47 

Members    48-55 

Bibliography  of  Wood  Preservation: 

Publications,   Proceedings,   Periodicals ..56-73 


HANDBOOK 

ON 

WOOD  PRESERVATION. 


DECAY,    PREPARATION    AND    TREATMENT 
OF  WOOD. 

Recent  research  has  shown  that  the  decay  of  wood  is  due  to  the 
functions  of  low  forms  of  plant  life  known  as  fungi,  not  to  fermenta- 
tion of  sap  or  soil  reaction.  These  fungi  feed  on  certain  substances  in 
the  wood  and  so  dissolve  the  wood  structure  that  it  crumbles.  Thus 
is  produced  punky  or  rotten  wood.  Evidence  of  the  existence  of  a 
fungus  is  to  be  had  in  the  form  of  a  "bracket,"  "conk,"  "dog  ear," 
"punk,"  "rabbit  ear,"  "toadstool,"  etc.,  which  projects  from  a  surface  of 
wood.  These  external  growths  are  the  fruiting  bodies  of  the  fungi  and 
their  functions  are  to  produce  spores,  or  seeds,  which  adhere  to  them 
until  dislodged  by  the  air  or  other  disseminating  mediums.  Wherever 
these  spores  alight  on  wood  and  find  conditions  favorable,  they  germinate 
and  develop  into  destructive  agencies.  In  addition  to  spreading  by 
means  of  spores  or  seeds,  fungi  extend  themselves  from  one  piece  of 
wood  to  another  by  growing  over  small  intervening  spaces.  Conse- 
quently decaying  wood  is  a  menace  to  all  sound  wood  in  the  vicinity. 

To  develop,  fungi  require  air,  food,  moisture  and  warmth.  Damp- 
ness is  the  most  favorable  condition  for  them.  Since  the  control  of  at- 
mosphere, precipitation,  and  temperature  are  not  practicable  with  wood 
used  outdoors,  the  surest  way  to  stop  fungi  is  to  poison  their  food 
supply  by  injecting  into  wood  substances  on  which  they  cannot  subsist. 

The  various  woods  available  for  use  in  the  United  States  differ 
widely  in  their  lasting  quality,  or  ability  to  resist  decay.  While  the 
sap  portion  of  all  woods  will  soon  decay  under  exposure  to  the  weather, 
the  heartwoods  of  catalpa,  cedar,  chestnut,  cypress,  locust,  some  oaks, 
some  pines,  redwood,  walnut,  and  a  few  other  woods  are  durable. 

The  growing  scarcity  and  high  prices  of  woods  which  remain  sound 
long  dictates  in  many  localities  the  use  of  woods  not  so  durable.  The 
greatest  economy  is  to  be  effected  by  confining  preservative  treat- 
ment to  woods  which  are  not  of  themselves  resistant  to  decay,  because 
these  often-otherwise-unserviceable  woods  are  obtainable  at  compara- 
tively-low cost.  How  helpful  preservatives  are  in  enlarging  the 


2  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

number  of  usable  woods  may  be  seen  in  the  following  lists  of  kinds 
which  without  treatment  could  not  render  satisfactory  service: 


Posts 

Ties 

Ash 
Basswood 
Beech 
Birch 
Butternut 
Cottonwood 
Elm 

Gum 
Hickory 
Maple 
Oak    (Red) 
Pine  (Sap) 
Poplar 
Sycamore 
Willow 

Ash 
Beech 
Birch 
Elm 
Gum 

Hickory 
Maple 
Oak  (Red) 
Pine  (Sap) 
Sycamore 

The  consumption  of  treatable  woods  as  cross-ties  is  to  be  seen 
in  the  following  figures  for  1915 : 

Oaks,  16,885,517;  southern  pine,  8,541,203;  Douglas  fir,  3,553,854; 
western  pine,  2,007,609;  beech,  2,933,737;  gum,  277,886;  tamarack, 
932,038;  maple,  36,942;  birch,  173,971;  elm,  50,846;  other  species, 
1,691,982;  a  total  of  37,085,585  cross-ties. 

The  proper  preparation  of  wood  for  treatment  is  essential  to  its 
successful  preservation.  Green  wood  resists  the  penetration  of  pre- 
servatives. The  moisture  which  is  in  freshly  fallen  trees  must  be 
reduced  in  volume  or  consistency  before  it  can  be  replaced  by  a 
preservative.  This  is  accomplished  by  exposing  the  wood  to  the 
open  air,  by  applying  to  it  hot  air  in  a  kiln  or  steam  in  a  closed 
cylinder,  or  by  boiling  it  in  hot  oil.  The  method  depends  on  the 
kind  and  the  condition  of  the  wood  to  be  treated.  But  with  any 
method  for  any  kind  of  wood,  the  first  step  in  its  preparation  for 
treatment  is  the  removal  of  all  bark. 

Most  woods  can  be  prepared  for  treatment  by  being  stacked  on 
well-drained  ground  free  from  vegetation,  in  open  piles  for  4  to 
12  months.  In  arid  regions  the  piles  should  be  less  open  than  in 
humid  regions,  to  avoid  severe  checking.  Where  wood  splits  while 
seasoning,  irons  of  appropriate  shape  to  stop  the  evil  should  be 
driven  into  the  ends  of  the  timber.  Wood  which  is  to  dry  in  the 
open  is  preferably  cut  during  winter,  as  spring  and  summer  are  the 
better  seasoning  periods. 

The  length  of  open-air  preparation  necessary  or  possible  depends 
on  the  kind  of  wood,  its  dimensions,  and  the  latitude  of  its  storage. 
Oak  may  require  12  months  seasoning  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia, 
while  eight  months  may  be  enough  around  New  Orleans.  It  might 
safely  be  held  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  in  either  place.  Gum, 
however,  could  and  should  be  treated  within  eight  months  in  the 
North  and  within  four  months  in  the  South.  The  greater  the  surface 
area  of  a  piece  of  wood  in  comparison  to  the  volume,  the  more 
quickly  will  it  dry.  Most  treated  cross-ties  are  air-dried. 


DECAY,  PREPARATION  AND  TREATMENT  OF  WOOD      3 

When  open-air  preparation  is  not  feasible,  steaming  is  usually 
resorted  to.  Care  must  be  exercised  that  the  pressure  and  its  period 
are  not  carried  to  where  the  structure  of  the  wood  is  injured.  A 
Y&cuum  is  applied  to  dry  the  wood  after  its  saturation  by  the  steam. 
Most  treated  piles  and  structural  timbers  are  prepared  for  treatment 
by  steam. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast  neither  open-air  nor  steaming  preparation 
is  practiced.  There  the  wood  being  treated  is  boiled  in  the  creosote 
with  which  it  is  preserved. 

After  wood  has  been  brought  to  a  condition  in  which  it  can  be 
treated  it  may  be  preserved  by  any  of  the  processes  referred  to  on 
pages  22-26. 

The  degree  of  treatment  to  be  given  varies  with  the  kind  and 
character  of  the  wood  and  the  service  expected  of  it.  In  all  cases  the 
sap  wood  of  treated  material  should  be  thoroughly  penetrated  by  the 
preservative.  The  quantities  of  preservative  usually  left  in  timbers 
for  various  uses  are  as  follows : 

PRESERVATIVES  INJECTED  INTO  WOOD. 


Material  Treated 

Pounds  Per  Cubic  Foot. 

Creosote 

Zinc  Chloride 

PILES: 
Salt    Water 
Fresh    Water 
Ground 
BLOCKS: 
Paving 
Flooring 
TIES 
TIMBER 

16  —  -  24 
12  —   16 
8  —  12 

16  —  20 
6  —  12 
5  —   12 
8  —   16 

%   —  % 
Va    —   % 
%    —   %' 

Since  preservative  treatment  will  not  remedy  structural  defects 
of  any  kind,  wood  which  is  not  free  from  decay  or  which  has  knots, 
splits,  or  other  faults  of  sufficient  size  or  number  to  weaken  it  for  its 
purpose  should  not  be  treated. 

Timber  which  has  to  be  bored,  dapped,  mortised,  or  otherwise 
cut  into  during  its  erection  should  be  so  framed  before  treatment. 


Preservation  insures  wood  against  deterioration. 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


CHRONICLE    OF   WOOD    PRESERVATION. 

The  ancients  were  skilled  in  the  art  of  preserving  organic  bodies. 
Pliny  has  said  that  they  used  garlic  boiled  in  vinegar  for  protecting 
timber  from  attacks  by  worms.  The  early  Egyptians  embalmed  their 
dead  with  oil  of  cedar,  and  later  tar  and  linseed  oil  were  recom- 
mended as  preservatives.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  recognized  the 
antiseptic  value  of  essential  oils  for  preserving  the  wood  they  used  in 
buildings.  They  also  charred  the  wood  to  prevent  decay.  The  Britons 
used  to  preserve  the  timbers  of  their  warships  against  decay,  either 
by  soaking  or  coating  them  with  petroleum  oil,  linseed  oil,  etc.,  and  for 
a  long  time  it  was  the  practice  to  rub  oil  into  the  wood,  or  pour  the  oil 
into  holes  that  had  been  bored  into  the  wood.  The  Dutch  early 
learned  the  advantage  of  preserving  the  timbers  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  their  dykes  and  marine  structures  by  coating  them  with  oil. 
The  famous  petroleum  wells  near  Prome,  in  Burmah,  furnished  a 
good  preservative  for  protecting  wood  used  in  ships  and  dwellings. 
But  it  was  not  until  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  that  the 
preservation  of  wood  by  the  injection  of  chemicals  became  scientific 
in  principle  and  developed  rapidly. 

Numerous  patents  covering  methods  of  preserving  wood  have  been 
issued  both  in  this  country  and  abroad,  and  the  early  processes  employ- 
ing either  animal  oils,  mineral  oils  or  vegetable  oils  have  been  steadily 
improved.  The  mechanical  operating  features  of  these  processes  also 
have  been  improved,  and  the  aim  of  the  twentieth  century  wood-preserv- 
ing plant  is  to  afford  wood  as  much  protection  against  destruction  as 
is  possible,  with  as  little  preservative  as  will  assure  efficiency. 

The  growth  of  wood  preservation  in  the  United  States  from  1838, 
when  the  first  cross-ties  were  treated  by  an  infusion  of  bichloride  of 
mercury  and  laid  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad  in  Maryland,  now 
part  of  the  Pennsylvania  System,  has  been  extraordinary. 

The  first  commercial  wood-preserving  plant  in  the  United  States 
was  built  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  in  1848,  using  alternately  bichloride  of 
mercury  and  chloride  of  zinc,  and  it  is  still  in  operation. 

The  following  chronological  record  of  the  wood-preserving  industry 
begins  in  1657,  prior  to  which  time  authentic  information  is  not  avail- 
able: 

\  1657.  Glauber  experimented  with  vegetable  pyroligneous  acid  (ob- 
tained by  distillation  of  wood),  first  carbonizing  the  wood  by  fire,  then 
covering  it  with  tar  and  immersing  the  wood  in  the  acid. 

t  1705.    Homberg  used  mercuric  chloride  for  preserving  wood. 
^1737.     First   American   colonial   privilege   granted    for   preserving 
timber.    Emerson  patented  a  process  for  saturating  timber  with  boiled 
oil  mixed  with  poisonous  substances. 

\  1740.    Reid  proposed  a  method  of  using  a  vegetable  acid  (probably 
pyroligneous  acid)  as  a  bath  for  wood  to  protect  it  against  decay. 


CHRONICLE  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  5 

1756.  Hales  recommended  use  of  linseed  oil  for  soaking  planks 
at  the  water-line  of  ships  to  prevent  decay. 

1767.  De  Boissieu  used  mercuric  chloride  as  a  preservative.  He 
and  Bordenave  recommended  copper  sulphate,  the  process  being  known 
as  "Margaryizing." 

1798.  Volmeister  washed  and  immersed  wood  in  a  solution  of  sea 
water. 

"4806.    Perkins  filled  the  interstices  of  wood  with  dry  salt. 
*  1809.     First  French  patents  on  timber  preservation  granted  as  a 
result  of  the  patent  law  created  by  Napoleon  I. 

1811.  Lukin  treated  wood  by  burying  it  in  pulverized  charcoal 
in  a  heated  oven. 

V,  1815.  Wade  recommended  zinc  chloride.  Finding  that  alum  was 
not  a  good  preservative  and  rapidly  decayed  timber  he  suggested  im- 
pregnation with  resinous  or  oleaginous  substances  (especially  linseed 
oil),  or  with  common  resin  dissolved  in  a  tank  of  caustic  alkali,  and 
subsequently  plunged  the  wood  into  water  acidulated  with  any  cheap 
acid  or  with  alum  in  solution.  /  Bowden  immersed  wood  in  sea  water. 
Boydon,  of  the  British  Navy  Office,  advocated  boiling  in  lime  water 
timber  blocks  and  tree  nails  of  ships,  followed  by  boiling  in  a  thin 
solution  of  glue,  by  means  of  which  the  pores  of  the  wood  would  be 
filled  by  a  hard  substance  insoluble  in  water.  Boydon  also  thought 
that  glue  might  be  used  with  lime  water,  or  glue  and  lime  water  mixed 
together,  to  check  the  growth  of  vegetation  and  strengthen  wood. 

-~  1817.  Chapman  used  copper  sulphate,  and  experimented  with 
lime,  soap  and  alkaline  salts. 

1820.  Pasley  first  boiled  wood  in  water,  and  applied  acids  and 
other  concentrated  liquids. 

1821.  Knowles  and  Davy  immersed  wood  in  mercuric  chloride. 

1822.  Prechtl  exposed  wood  to  the  vapor  of  water  alone  and  then 
to  a  mixture  of  water  and  tar. 

1823.  Oxford  coated  wood  with  oil  of  tar,  previously  treated  with 
gaseous  chlorine. 

1824.  Cox  saturated  wood  with  a  mixture  of  fish  oil,  rosin  and 
sulphur. 

1825.  Langton  extracted  by  a  vacuum  the  air  from  heated  wood. 

1826.  Newmarch  boiled  wood  in  a  mixture  of  linseed  oil,   iron 
sulphate,  verdigris,  arsenic  and  alum. 

1828.  Gossier  alternately  immersed  wood  in  saline  solutions  con- 
taining calcium  chloride,  Glauber  salts,  iron  sulphate  and  sodium 
arsenate. 

^1829.  Carey  first  perforated  wood  and  then  introduced  a  mixture 
of  salt,  powdered  charcoal  and  animal  or  vegetable  oil. 


6  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

N 

1831.    Breant  invented  an  apparatus  for  forcing  preservative  liquids 
into  wood. 

M832.  Kyan  patented  the  injection  into  wood  by  pressure  in  a 
closed  cylinder  of  mercuric  chloride.  Oxford  patented  the  coating  of 
timber  with  lead  oxide,  calcium  carbonate  and  carbon  of  purified  coal- 
tar,  ground  and  mixed  with  oil.  In  this  year  was  also  tried  smoking 
green  wood  to  create  a  protective  coating  against  decay. 

1833.  Attempts  to  arrest  decay  in  wood  by  immersing  or  coating 
it  with  tar  and  tobacco  leaves ;  also  coating  with  rosin  dissolved  in  fish 
oil,  and  coating  with  india  rubber  dissolved  in  fatty  oils. 

1834.  Strutzke  and  the  Society  of  Arts  of  London  introduced  the 
method  of  repeatedly  coating  wood  with  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate. 

1835.  Monteith  immersed  wood  in  lime  water.     Concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  as  a  coating  to  carbonize  wood  was  also  tried  by  an  investi- 
gator.   First  wood  pavements  for  city  streets  in  the  United  States  were 
laid  in  New  York. 

1836.  Moll  patented  process  for  treating  wood  with  coal-tar  creo- 
sote in  a  closed  iron  vessel.    Chevalier  coated  wood  with  a  solution  of 
tar  and  tobacco  leaves. 

1837.  Boucherie  recommended  the  use  of  zinc  chloride.    Margary's 
patent  granted  for  using  copper  sulphate.     Flockton  saturated  wood 
with  oil  of  tar  and  iron  acetate.     Letellier  immersed  wood  in  a  solu- 
tion of  mercuric  chloride,  and  when  dry  subjected  it  to  a  coat  of  glue. 
Granville   used   the   refuse   water   of   salt   works   to   preserve   wood. 
Gottheil  immersed  wood  in  resinous  solutions  containing  tar,  oil  of 
turpentine,  and  salt.     The  Industrial  Society  of  Annaberg,  Germany, 
introduced  the  method  of  immersing  wood  for  a  month  in  soluble  glass, 
then  placing  it  in  water  acidulated  with  hydrochloride  acid,  washing 
and  drying,  and  finally  rubbing  it  with  oil. 

1838.  Bethell  patented  process  for  using  coal-tar  creosote,  injected 
into  wood  under  pressure  in  a  cylinder.     This  process  is  still  in  use. 
Burnett  patented  the  use  of  zinc  chloride.    Chestnut  cross-ties,  treated 
by  the  Kyan  process,  laid  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad  of  Mary- 
land. 

x  1839.  Boucherie  patented  the  absorption  by  the  tree  while  alive 
or  immediately  after  cutting,  of  iron  acetate,  acetic  acid,  muriate  of 
lime,  copper  sulphate,  mercuric  chloride  and  other  chemicals.  Kyanized 
hemlock  cross-ties  laid  at  the  fortifications  at  Fort  Ontario,  New  York. 
1840.  Feiselli,  after  steaming  the  wood,  injected  a  solution  of 
alum  and  potash,  or  soluble  glass  and  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  Munzing 
immersed  wood  in  a  solution  of  muriate  or  protoxide  of  manganese, 
the  refuse  liquid  of  chlorine  works.  Pine  stringers,  subjected  to  a 
lime  bath,  laid  on  Philadelphia  &  Columbia  Railroad.  Kyanized  oak 
ties  laid  on  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  and  bridge  timber  treated 
by  the  same  process  used  at  Alexandria,  Va. 


CHRONICLE  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  7 

1841.  Payne  patented  the  treatment  of  wood  first  with  a  solution 
of  muriate  of  lime,  iron  sulphate  and  potash,  and  then  with  alum  and 
potash.  Pons  immersed  wood  in  a  solution  of  iron  nitrate,  saltpeter, 
alum,  and  potassium  ferrocyanide. 

^    1842.     Timperly  used  mercuric  chloride.     Kyanized   ties  laid   on 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad. 

1843.  Parkes  treated  wood  with  caoutchouc  dissolved  in  carburet 
of  sulphur  eupion.    Earle  immersed  wood  in  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate 
or  copper  sulphate. 

1844.  Burkes  first  steamed  the  wood  and  then  impregnated  it  with 
a  solution  of  soluble  glass  and  iron  sulphate. 

1845.  Ransome,  after  removing  the  air  from  the  wood,  injected 
by  pressure  a  solution  of  soluble  glass,  and  later  placed  it  in  a  diluted 
acid. 

1846.  The  Eastern  Massachusetts   Railroad  used  the  Kyan  pro- 
cess.   Blythe  invented  "thermo-carbolization,"  which  consists  in  treating 
wood  with  carburetted  steam  to  extract  the  sap  and  water,  and  at  the 
same  time  inject  into  the  wood  creosote  held  in  suspension.     Payne, 
after  extracting  the  air   from   wood,   injected  a  solution   of   metallic 
sulphurets  (lime  and  baryta),  and  finally  an  acid  or  metallic  salt  (iron 
sulphate,  etc.).    Venzat  and  Banner  impregnated  wood  with  a  solution 
of  sulphate  or  muriate  of  copper,  and  followed  this  with  baryta. 

—   1848.     Wood  preservation   on   a   commercial   scale   began   in   the 
United  States  through  building  of  a  Kyanizing  plant  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
to  treat  timbers  used  in  locks  and  canals  on  the  Merrimac  River.    This 
plant  is  still  in  operation. 
•-  1849.    New  York  Central  Railroad  used  Kyanized  cross-ties. 

1850.     Kyanized  pine  bridge  timber  used  by  the   Philadelphia   & 
Reading  Railroad.    First  Burnettizing  plant  in  America  built  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  to  treat  canal  timbers. 
~  1852.    Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  treated  ties  with  tar. 

—  1853.    Fitchburg  Railroad  used  Kyanized  shop  floor  joists. 

1854.  Kyanized  pine  used  for  the  Blackstone  bridge  of  the  New 
York  &  New  England  Railroad.  Creosoted  ties  laid  on  Philadelphia  £ 
Reading  Railroad. 

"^  1855.  Burnettized  spruce  stringers  and  ties  laid  on  the  Union 
(horse)  Railroad  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

—  1856.    Vermont  Central  Railroad  erected  a  Burnettizing  plant  for 
treating  hemlock  cross-ties  and  bridge  timbers. 

1857.  Burnettized  spruce  used  by  the  Middlesex  &  South  Boston 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Boston,  Mass.,  wharf. 

^.  1860.  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  treated  bridge 
timber  with  zinc  chloride.  Burnettized  spruce  bridge  ties  used  on  the 
Boston  &  Albany  Railroad  in  Boston,  Mass. 


8  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

^  1861.  Erie  Railroad  built  a  Burnettizing  plant  at  Oswego,  New 
York,  which  was  burned  in  1869,  and  has  not  been  rebuilt. 

1862.  Burnettized  bridge  timber  used  by  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi 
Railroad. 

1863.  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Railroad  built  Bur- 
nettizing plants,  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and  Perryville,  Maryland,  to 
preserve  timbers  used  in  wooden  bridge  at  Havre  de  Grace,  Md. 

1865.  Old  Colony  Railroad  erected  a  Bethell  plant  at  Somerset, 
Mass.,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  first  practical  use  of  this  process 
in  the  United  States.    Foreman  applied  to  wood  a  dry  powder  of  salt, 
arsenic  and  corrosive  sublimate.    Isaac  Hinckley,  late  President  of  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Railroad,  used  creosote  to  pre- 
serve piles  for  bridge  over  the  Taunton  River  on  Old  Colony  Railroad 
in  Massachusetts. 

1866.  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railroad  laid  2,000  Bur- 
nettized cross-ties. 

1867.  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railroad  built  a  Burnettizing  plant 
at   Pottstown,    Pa.      So   did   the   Union    Pacific   Railroad,    at    Omaha, 
Nebraska.    Introduction  of  Robbins'  process  for  smoking  wood  with  the 
vapors  of  coal-tar  and  of  creosote.     Seeley  patented  pressure  process 
for  treating  green  timber  with  oleaginous  and  saline  materials,  and 
erected  plants  in  New  York,  Chicago,  and  at  the  St.  Clair  Flats  in 
Michigan,  the  United  States  Government  using  the  process  at  the  latter 
place   for   preserving  the   timbers   along   its   canal.     Burnettized   ties 
used  on  the  Lehigh  &  Susquehanna  Railroad.     W.  H.  Smith  encased 
timber    in    vitrified    earthenware   pipes,    and    filled    in    with    hydraulic 
cement. 

1868.  Seeley  patented   an   open-tank  process    for   treating  green 
timber  with  creosote  oil.    Beer  washed  out  the  sap  from  wood  with  a 
solution  of  boiling  borax. 

1869.  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  treated  stringers  and  piles 
with  the  Bethell  Process. 

1870.  Thilmany  used  sulphate  of  copper  or  sulphate  of  zinc  and 
chloride  of  barium  in  treating  ties  for  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  Wabash, 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  &  Ohio,  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern, 
Cleveland  &  Pittsburgh  and  other  railroads. 

M871.  Thomas  immersed  wood  in  rosin  oil.  Webb  bored  holes 
in  the  wood  and  filled  them  with  creosote. 

""""1872.  Fletcher  boiled  in  coal-tar  creosote  some  cypress  paving 
blocks  which  were  laid  in  New  Orleans,  La.j  Constant  and  Smith  tried 
to  preserve  wood  by  smoking  it  with  vapors  of  coal-tar  in  a  retort. 
Detwiler  and  Van  Gilder  impregnated  wood  with  rosin  dissolved  in 
naphtha  under  pressure. 

>  1874.  Rutgers  introduced  in  Germany  a  method  of  treating  ties 
with  a  mixture  of  zinc  chloride  and  creosote. 


CHRONICLE  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  9 

1875.  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  built  a  Bethell  plant  at  West 
Pascagoula,  La.,  to  treat  piles,  stringers  and  ties.    This  plant  laid  the 
foundation  for  modern  timber-treating  in  this  country. 

1876.  Houston  &  Texas  Central  Railroad  built  a  Bethell  plant  at 
Houston,  Texas,  to  treat  piles  and  timbers.     Central  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey  installed  cross-ties  treated  by  the  Bethell  process. 

^1878.  Commercial  creosoting  plant  opened  at  Long  Island  City, 
New  York. 

"M879.  Boulton  patented  a  process  to  extract  the  moisture  from 
wood  and  simultaneously  inject  creosote.)  New  Orleans  &  North 
Eastern  Railroad  built  a  pressure  plant  to  treat  with  creosote,  at  Slidell, 
La.,  the  timber  to  be  used  for  a  trestle  across  Lake  Ponchartrain.  Well- 
house  employed  zinc  chloride,  glue  and  tannin  for  preserving  wood. 
Commercial  creosoting  plant  built  at  Slidell,  La. 

1880.  Houston  &  Tennessee  Central  Railway  installed  ties  treated 
by  the  Bethell  process.    Pine  piles  treated  by  the  Thilmany  process  used 
at  Norfolk,  Va. 

1881.  Commercial  creosoting  plant  erected  at  Portsmouth,  Va. 

1882.  Fladd  patented  process   of   impregnating   freshly-cut   wood 
with  copper  sulphate  and  other  chemicals  by  suction. 

1883.  Hagen  used  gypsum  as  a  plug  for  zinc-chloride  treated  wood. 

1884.  Boston   &   Maine   Railroad   installed   Kyanized  ties.     Com- 
mercial creosoting  plant  erected  at  Seattle,  Wash.    Vulcanized  pine  ties 
laid  on  the  Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad  in  New  York  City. 

1885.  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  built  a  Burnettizing 
plant  at  Los  Vegas,  New  Mexico. 

1886.  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
roads used  ties  treated  by  the  Wellhouse  process.     Lehigh  Valley  Rail- 
road installed  ties  treated  by  the  Bethell  process. 

1887.  Southern  Pacific  Railway  (Atlantic  System)  began  treating 
Texas  pine  ties  by  the  Burnett  process  at  a  leased  plant. 

1888.  New  Orleans   Wood-Preserving  Company  erected  a  plant 
at  New  Orleans,  La.,  to  treat  ties  by  the  Burnett  process,  and  piles  and 

.lumber  by  creosoting,  for  Texas  &  New  Orleans  Railroad. 
—    1889.     Southern  Pacific  Railway  built  a  plant  at  West  Oakland, 
Cal.,  employing  either  the  Bethell  or  Curtis  &  Isaacs  creosoting  pro- 
cesses for  treating  ties  and  piles. 

1890.  Texas  &  New  Orleans   Railroad  built  a  Bethell  plant  at 
Houston,  Texas. 

1891.  Southern  Pacific  Railway  (Atlantic  System)  built  a  Burnett- 
izing plant  at  Houston,  Texas.    The  D.  &  I.  Railroad  used  ties  treated 
by  the  Wellhouse  process. 

1892.  Commercial  Burnettizing  plant  built  at  Beaumont,  Texas, 
and  a  commercial  Bethell  plant  erected  at  the  same  place. 


10  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

^893.     Southern  Pacific  Railway  (Pacific  System)   erected  a  port- 
able Burnettizing  plant  for  treating  ties  at  Latham,  Oregon. 

1895.  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  put  up  a  treating  plant  at 
Gautier,  Miss.,  which  was  rebuilt  in  1916.    Commercial  creosoting  plants 
were  built  at  Bay  City,  Mich.,  and  Lowell,  Wash. 

1896.  Pennsylvania  Lines  West  installed  ties  treated  by  the  Well- 
house  process.    Commercial  creosoting  plant  was  erected  at  Buell  near 
Norfolk,  Va. 

1897.  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  built  Burnettizing 
plants   at   Somerville,   Tex.,   and   at   Bellemont,   Arizona.     Hasselman 
patented    process    for    injecting    into    wood    a    solution    of    iron    and 
aluminum  sulphate,  adding  kainit  to  neutralize  the  free  acids  formed. 

1899.  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  erected  a  Burnett- 
izing plant  for  treating  ties  at  Sheridan,  Wyoming.    Chicago  &  Eastern 
Illinois  Railroad  used  the  Wellhouse  process  for  treating  ties.     Com- 
mercial plant  using  the  Burnettizing  and  Allardyce  processes  erected  at 
Mt.  Vernon,  Illinois.     Commercial  plant  vulcanizing  ties  removed  from 
New  York  City  to  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  later  using  the  creo-resinate 
process,  and  in  1906  transferred  to  Norfolk,  Va. 

1900.  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  used  Burnettized  and  creosoted 
ties  and  timbers. 

1901.  Great  Northern   Railway  built  a  plant  at   Somers,   Mont., 
to  treat   ties   by   Burnettizing.     Missouri,    Kansas   &   Texas    Railroad 
used   the   Wellhouse   process    for   treating   ties    at   Greenville,    Texas. 
Mexican  Central  Railway  built  a  Burnettizing  plant  at  Aguas  Calientas, 
Mexico,  to  treat  ties.     Commercial  creosoting  plant  erected  at  South- 
port  near  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  one  at  Norfolk,  Va.    A  non-pressure 
wood-preserving  plant  erected  at  Portland,   Oregon.     Bevier   invented 
creo-resinate  process. 

1902.  Rueping  patented  the  injection  of  compressed  air  into  wood 
ahead  of  creosote.  I  El  Paso  &  Southwestern  Railroad  erected  a  creo- 
soting plant  at  Alamogorda,  N.  M.,  for  treating  paving  blocks,  wooden 
pipe  and  crossing  plank.     Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  tried 
the  Hasselman  process.     Commercial  plants   using  various   processes 
erected  at  Carbondale,  111.,  and  at  Texarkana,  Arkansas. 

1903.  Union    Pacific    Railroad    erected    a    Burnettizing    plant    at 
Laramie,   Wyo.,   for  treating  ties,   telegraph  poles,   dimension  timbers 
and  crossing  plank.     Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway  built  a  plant  at 
Escanaba,  Mich.,  for  treating  ties,  using  first  the  Wellhouse,  then  the 
Card  and  now  the  Burnett  processes.    Grand  Trunk  and  Wabash  Rail- 
roads   installed    Burnettized    cross-ties.      Commercial    creosoting    plant 
erected  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  and  one  for  using  various  processes  built 
at  Cimarron,  N.  M.    Guissani  open-tank  process  promoted  in  New  York. 


CHRONICLE  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  11 

1904.  Von  Schrenk  revived  the  Seeley  open-tank  process  at  the 
Exposition  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Rueping  took  out  United  States  patents. 
Oregon-Washington  Railroad  &  Navigation  Company  erected  a  creo- 
soting  plant  at  Wyeth,  Oregon,  for  treating  ties,  piles,  switch-ties, 
dimension  timbers,  and  paving  blocks.  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railroad  employed  the  Rueping  process.  The  Big  Four  (Cleveland, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroad)  used  ties  treated  with  creo- 
sote by  a  commercial  wood-preserving  plant  at  Shirley,  Indiana.  Kansas 
City  Southern  Railroad  installed  Burnettized  cross-ties.  Commercial 
plants  for  treating  wood  by  various  processes  were  erected  at  Grenada, 
Miss.,  Sandstone,  Minn'.,  and  Terre  Haute,  Indiana.  Organization  of 
the  Wood-Preservers'  Association  (changed  to  American  Wood-Pre- 
servers' Association  in  1912). 

— ^  1905.  Lowry  patented  pressure  process,  using  creosote  with  quick 
final  vacuum.  The  first  plant  to  use  the  Lowry  process  was  erected 
at  Shirley,  Indiana.)  St.  Louis  &  Southwestern  Railroad  used  zinc- 
creosote  treated  ties,  and  the  T.,  St.  L.  &  W.  Railroad  Burnettized  cross- 
ties.  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  installed  creosoted 
bridge-ties.  Salt  Lake  &  San  Francisco  Railroad  installed  ties  treated 
by  the  Rueping  process.  Commercial  plant  using  Bethell  process  erected 
at  Maurer,  N.  J.  Other  commercial  creosoting  plants  were  built  at 
Galveston,  Tex.,  and  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

1906.  Card  invented  an  improvement  on  the  zinc  chloride-creosote 
process.     Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  erected  a  creosoting 
plant  at  Somerville,  Tex.     Kansas  City  Southern  Railroad  used  creo- 
soted cross-ties.     Commercial  creosoting  plants  were  erected  at  Gulf- 
port,  Miss.,  Winnfield,  La.,  Eagle  Harbor,  Wash.,  and  Newark,  N.  J., 
and  a  plant  employing  the  Card  process  was  built  at  Waukegan,  Illinois. 

1907.  Northern  Pacific  Railway  erected  Lowry  plants  at  Brainerd, 
Minn.,  and  at  Paradise,   Montana.     Florida   East  Coast  Railroad   in- 
stalled creosoted  cross-ties.    Lowry  plants  were  erected  at  Marion,  111., 
Bloomington,    Ind.,    Springfield,    Mo.,    Kansas    City,    Mo.,    and    Hugo, 
Oklahoma.     Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  built  a  crude  oil 
plant  at  Albuquerque,   N.   M.,   which   was   later  used    for   creosoting. 
Commercial  plants  using  various  processes  were  erected  at  Argenta, 
Ark.,  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  Buell,  Va.     A  commercial  creosoting  plant 
was  built  at   Mobile,   Alabama.     The   Chicago,    Burlington   &   Quincy 
Railroad  erected  a  plant  at  Galesburg,  111.,  for  treating  ties  and  timbers 
with  either  creosote,  or  zinc  chloride,  or  both  in  combination.    Delaware, 
Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  built  a  non-pressure  plant  at  Nanti- 
coke,  Pa.,  and  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Coal  and  Iron  Company  a 
similar  one  at  New  Philadelphia,  Pa.     The  United  States  Government 
operated  non-pressure  plants  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  Milan,  111.,  Stillwater, 
Minn.,  and  Fountain  City,  Wis. 

1908.  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  &  Salt  Lake  Railroad  erected  a  plant 
at  San  Pedro,  Cal.,  to  use  either  the  Burnett  or  creosoting  processes. 


12  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Bunker  Hill  &  Sullivan  Mining  Company  built  a  creosoting  plant  at 
Kellogg,  Idaho.  A  commercial  Bethell  plant  was  erected  at  Atlanta, 
Georgia.  A  Lowry  process  plant  was  put  in  operation  at  Brainerd, 
Minn.,  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway. 

1909.  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Company  built  a  non- 
pressure    creosoting   plant   at    McAdory,    Alabama,    for    treating   ties, 
telegraph  poles,  dimension  timbers,  and  fence  posts.    Missouri,  Kansas 
&  Texas  Railway  built  a  Rueping  plant  at  Dennison,  Tex.,  for  treating 
practically  all  kinds  of  timber.    Union  Pacific  Railway  built  a  Burnett- 
izing  plant  at  Topeka,  Kansas.    Pennsylvania  Railroad  erected  a  wood- 
preserving  plant  at  Mt.  Union,  Pa.    Commercial  creosoting  plants  were 
erected   at   Bound    Brook,    N.   J.,    Toledo,    O.,    Paterson,    N.   J.,   and 
Columbus,  Ohio.    A  commercial  Burnettizing  plant  was  built  at  Joppa, 
111.,  and  a  plant  using  various  processes  at  Madison,  Illinois. 

1910.  Pennsylvania  Railroad  erected  a  wood-preserving  plant  at 
Greenwich  Point,  Philadelphia,  Pa.     The  Buffalo,  Rochester  &  Pitts- 
burgh  Railroad  built  a  Bethell  plant  at   Bradford,    Pa.     Commercial 
creosoting  plants  erected  at  Shreveport,  La.,  Rome,  N.  Y.,  Toledo,  O., 
and  Texarkana,  Texas. 

1911.  A  commercial  creosoting  plant  erected  at  Ensley,  Ala.,  and  a 
plant  for  treating  wood  by  various  processes  was  built  at  Broadford 
Junction,  Pa.    The  Pittsburgh  &  Lake  Erie  Railroad  used  creosoted  ties. 

1912.  Philadelphia  &  Reading  and  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey 
erected  a  creosoting  plant  at  Port  Reading,  N  J.     Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad  built  a  Card  process  plant  at  Green  Spring,  W.  Va.    Atlantic 
Coast  Line  Railroad  erected  a  Bethell  plant  at   Gainesville,  Florida. 
Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  put  up  a  plant  at  Macon,  Ga.,  to  treat  wood 
by  the  Card  process.     Charlotte  Harbor  &  Northern  Railroad  built  a 
creosoting  plant  at  Hull,   Florida.     Commercial  plants  using  various 
processes  built  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  Houston,  Tex.,  Orrville,  O.,  St. 
Helens,  Oregon,  Tacoma,  Wash.,  Yardley,  Wash.,  Pensacola,  Fla.,  Louis- 
ville, Miss.,  Bogalusa,  La.,  and  Linnton  near  Portland,  Oregon.     In- 
corporation of  the  American  Wood-Preservers'  Association    (formerly 
called  Wood-Preservers'  Association.) 

1913.  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  erected  a  plant  at  Guthrie, 
Kentucky.      Commercial    creosoting   plants    built   at    Bay    City,    Mich,, 
Metropolis,  111.,  and  Indianapolis,   Ind. 

1915.  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway  erected  a  plant  at  Riverton. 
Wyo.    Ties  of  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio,  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Northern 
and  the  Hocking  Valley  Railroads  treated  at  a  commercial  Lowry  plant 
at  Russell,  Ky.    A  commercial  plant  erected  at  Brunswick,  Georgia. 

1916.  Boston  Elevated  Railway  erected  a  creosoting  plant  at  South 
Boston,  Mass.    A  commercial  creosoting  plant  built  at  Seattle,  Wash. 


PROGRESS  IN  WOOD  PRESERVATION  13 


PROGRESS   IN  WOOD   PRESERVATION. 

The  growth  of  the  wood-preserving  industry  in  the  United  States, 
begun  in  an  experimental  way  in  1832,  has  been  rapid.  At  first  Kyan's 
process  of  treating  wood  with  bichloride  of  mercury  was  used,  but  real 
progress  in  wood  preservation  in  this  country  did  not  begin  until  about 
1838,  when  Burnett's  zinc-chloride  process  and  Bethell's  coal-tar-creo- 
scte  process  for  protecting  wood  against  decay  were  introduced.  Many 
other  processes  for  preserving  wood  have  been  tried  on  a  commercial 
scale  with  varying  success,  and  manufacturers  of  machinery  and  supplies 
have  made  improvements  that  have  made  possible  more  economical  op- 
eration of  timber-treating  plants.  The  merits  of  treated  wood,  notably 
its  durability  and  economy  in  service,  are  also  better  known,  and  con- 
sumption is  .on  the  increase. 

Undoubtedly  the  greatest  impetus  given  to  the  wood-preserving 
industry  in  this  country  has  been  the  advancing  cost  of  timber,  due  to 
its  wasteful  consumption  and  increasing  scarcity.  At  first  the  demand 
for  treated  wood  was  confined  to  comparatively  few  forms  and  kinds  of 
material,  because  there  was  a  large  supply  of  cheap  and  durable  timbers 
to  be  had,  and  as  the  equipment  of  the  treating  plant  was  expensive 
and  the  success  of  the  processes  considered  uncertain,  the  early  growth 
of  wood  preservation  was  slow. 

Only  15  plants  were  in  operation  in  the  United  States  in  1895,  but 
since  then  the  number  has  rapidly  increased.  In  1914  there  were  122 
plants,  of  which  94  were  in  operation  and  reported  an  output  of 
159,582,639  cubic  feet  of  treated  timber,  comprising  railroad  ties,  piles, 
poles,  paving  blocks,  structural  timbers,  cross-arms,  lumber  and  mis- 
cellaneous kinds  of  wood.  In  1915  the  United  States  had  no  less  than 
127  plants  of  all  kinds,  and  of  these  102  were  active,  reporting  a  total 
output  of  141,858,963  cubic  feet  of  treated  material.  The  accompanying 
table  and  diagrams  will  give  some  idea  of  the  growth  in  output  of 
treated  timber  in  the  United  States  from  1909  to  1915  inclusive. 

The  majority  of  the  wood-preserving  plants  in  the  United  States 
are  of  the  pressure  type;  that  is,  the  preservative  solution  is  forced 
into  the  wood  by  means  of  pumps.  Sixty-four  of  the  plants  in  opera- 
tion in  1915  were  so-called  commercial  plants,  which  treat  wood  by 
contract,  30  were  operated  by  railroads,  and  eight  were  owned  by 
mining  companies  and  municipalities.  The  location  of  these  plants  is 
shown  on  the  map  on  page  21. 

In  1915  the  quantity  of  miscellaneous  lumber  treated  in  the  Atlantic 
Coast  Region  exceeded  that  of  any  other  region.  There  were  treated 
in  that  year:  7,428,938  cross-ties;  3,500,821  linear  feet  of  piles;  11,697 
poles;  552,095  square  yards  of  paving  blocks;  28,298,805  board  feet  of 
construction  timber;  16,757  cross-arms;  4,634,655  board  feet  of  mis- 
cellaneous lumber.  The  preservatives  used  in  this  region  in  1915  were: 
Creosote,  30,236,615  gallons;  zinc-chloride,  2,077,877  pounds;  other 


14 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


preservatives,  50,080  gallons.    During  the  year  1915  there  were  20  plants 
in  operation  in  this  region. 

In  the  Southern  Coast  Region,  the  27  plants  in  operation  during 
1915  held  the  lead  in  the  quantity  of  construction  timber  treated.  The 
output  for  that  year  was :  Construction  timber,  77,798,523  board  feet ; 
cross-ties,  8,958,293;  piles,  3,817,927  linear  feet;  poles,  66,216;  paving 
blocks,  806,968  square  yards ;  cross-arms,  121,945 ;  miscellaneous  lumber, 
3,658,227  board  feet.  Of  creosote  there  was  used  during  the  year 
25,854,013  gallons,  and  of  zinc-chloride,  9,767,867  pounds. 

PROGRESS  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

QUANTITIES   (X  MATERIAL  TREATED    BY  WOOD   PRESERVING   PLANTS 
1308-lSkS. 


OFFICE   OF  INDUSTRIAL  INVESTfOATIONS 
U.S.  FOREST  SERVICE 


The  Interior  Eastern  Region  led  in  the  quantity  of  paving  material 
handled,  and  showed  the  largest  consumption  of  miscellaneous  preserva- 
tives. The  output  of  the.  29  plants  reporting  in  1915  was :  14,650,302 
cross-ties;  138,639  linear  feet  of  piles;  32,503  poles;  1,509,755  square 
yards  of  paving  blocks;  18,914,931  board  feet  of  construction  timber; 
2,211  cross-arms;  and  1,809,064  board  feet  of  miscellaneous  lumber. 
Of  preservatives  there  were  used  22,333,674  gallons  of  creosote,  12,764,- 
798  pounds  of  zinc-chloride,  and  1,640,102  gallons  other  preservatives. 

In  the  Interior  Western  Region,  where  10  plants  were  in  operation 
in  1915,  the  output  was  as  follows:  Cross-ties,  4,001,878;  piles,  3,010 


PROGRESS  IN  WOOD  PRESERVATION  15 

linear  feet;  poles,  3,107;  paving  blocks,  1,000  square  yards;  construction 
timber,  6,628,575  board  feet;  cross-arms,  56;  miscellaneous  lumber, 
3,398,959  board  feet.  Of  creosote  there  was  used  in  1915  a  total  of 
2,395,411  gallons,  and  of  zinc-chloride,  6,441,138  pounds. 

The  Pacific  Coast  Region  had  16  plants  in  operation  which  reported 
the  following  output  during  1915:  Cross-ties,  2,046,177;  piles,  1,848,022 
linear  feet;  poles,  12,116;  paving  blocks,  66,552  square  yards;  construc- 
tion timber,  10,368,207  board  feet;  cross-arms,  5,250;  miscellaneous 
lumber,  436,604  board  feet.  The  preservatives  used  in  treating  this 
timber  were:  Creosote,  3,245,292  gallons;  zinc-chloride,  2,217,924 
pounds;  other  preservatives,  3,362  gallons. 

The  output  of  the  102  plants  in  operation  in  the  United  States 
during  1915  was  as  follows: 

Cross-ties  ^ 37,085,585  pieces. 

Piles 9,308,419  linear  feet. 

Poles    125,939  pieces. 

Paving  Blocks 2,936,370  square  yards. 

Construction  Timber 142,009,041  board  feet. 

Cross-arms  ^ 146,219  pieces. 

Miscellaneous  Lumber....  13,937,509  board  feet. 

Total  equivalent  to .  .141,858,963  cubic  feet. 
The  preservatives  consumed  in  1915  were  as  below: 

Creosote  (Foreign)    37,501,007  gallons. 

(Domestic)     ...  43,358,435 

Total 80,859,442 

Zinc-chloride  33,269,604  pounds. 

Other  Preservatives 1,693,544  gallons. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  railroads  are  the  largest  users  of 
preserved  wood,  it  is  of  interest  to  see  the  kinds  of  cross-ties  that  made 
up  the  37,085,585  treated  in  1915,  and  also  the  preservative  used  for 
each  kind  of  wood,  as  given  in  the  table  on  page  19. 

The  influence  of  railway  practice  on  the  growth  of  the  wood- 
preserving  industry  is  illustrated  in  the  following  table,  which  shows 
that  the  increase  in  the  number  of  plants  operated  has  been  coincident 
with  the  increase  in  the  number  of  ties  treated. 


Preserve  wood  and  conserve  woodland. 


16 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


Total  Material 
Treated. 
Cu.  Ft. 

CM  I--*  Tt  ON  00  O  ts. 
CM  OO  CM  O  ON  ro  Tt 
VO  to  to  ON  >O  vo  VO^ 

VO  VO  rt  CM  00  CM  rt 

^^.tVNi^.c!rl 

Tt  vo  ts,  00  O  ON  OO 

>O  ts.  10  Tt  OO  «0  ts, 

OO  to  vo  00  co  co  O 
ro  T-I  VO  T-H  CM  O  O 

ts.  O  O  CO  O\  Tt  Tt 
TtCM%tOOO^vq^cO'-|> 
Tt'oo  O\CQ\OT-*\O 
CM  CM  CM  CM  co  to  to 

T-H  O  rt  ts.  ON  CM  Tt 
rt  Ots.io  Tt  to  ON 
rt  Tt  ro  r-<  O  to  00 
CM'Tt'cvTcvfoCoTto 

oo"  vo"  tsT  06"  06"  vo"  vb" 

ON  Tt  CO  \O  00  ON  CO 
T-I  Tt  VO  to  OO  CO  VO 
Tt  '-'."l.C5  00  VO  ON 

vo"  Tt"  Tt"  rt"  co"  CM"  oo" 

Tt  ts,  CM  CO  .-H  OO  IO 

ON  o^to^oN  vo  to  oo 

to"o"rt  io"co"ori-r 

ts.  O  rt  CM  10  IO  Tt 

United  States  Forest  Service,  (a).  No  Statistics,  (b).  Figures,  if  used,  would  reveal  identity  of  reporting  firms. 

CONVERTING  FACTORS. 
s  ties,  divide  figures  shown  by  3. 
ir  feet  of  piles,  divide  the  figures  shown  by  .6763. 
ir  feet  of  poles,  divide  the  figures  shown  by  .5868. 
re  yards  of  paving  blocks,  divide  the  figures  shown  by  2.625. 
d  feet  of  construction  timbers,  multiply  the  figures  shown  by  12. 
5-arms,  divide  the  figures  shown  by  .6198. 
d  feet  of  lumber  and  miscellaneous  material,  multiply  the  figures  shown  by  12, 

I/umber  and 
Miscellaneous. 
Cu.  Ft. 

ts.  CO  10  10  CO  VO  00 

00  rt  ON  O\  ON  VO  CM 

rt  oo  o\  Tt  to  Tt  oo 

Tt  vo  Tt  OO  00  ro  ON 

ro  O  T-H  CM  O  to  ON 
I-H                   CM 

ON  vo       ls.00       CM 
ON  Tt        VO  CM        CM 

vo  vo       ro  vo       OO 

Tt  co       ON  to 

ON  ON  VO  VO  OO  Tt  ON 
r-l  t-H  CM  00  to  OO  to 

oo  rJloXv^,voK°lr1^ 
ro"  ON"  ON"  06"  oCcvT  rt" 
vo  00  »-H  OO  CO  vo  vo 
Tt  ts.  vo  ON  O  ro  ^H 

CM  CM  CM  T-I  i-H 

CM  CM  CM  CM  rt  r-t 

Ji3 

Tt  ON  T-I  00  0  ro  ro 
vo  vo  vo  CM  rt  O  t^. 

Tt  OO  ts.  Tt  rt  ON  OO 
VOOO  ro 

........ 

rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt 

Tt  O\  rt  00  ON  Tt  ts. 
i-.  O  O\  rH  ts.  ON  VO 

rt  OO  rt  CO  Ttts.  O 
Tt  00  ts.  Tt  CM  rt  O\ 

Construction 
Timbers. 
Cu.  Ft. 

T-I  CM  to  r<j  ro  00  ** 

rH  ts.  O  ON  00  IO  *O 

co  CM  rt  Tt  00  rt  rH 

»H  •*  T-H  CM  '0  10  0 

o\  rH  to  t^  to  CM  to 

OO  »O  00  ON  ts.  ON  r-t 

00  co        ro  ON  00  vo 

rH  Tt         rtOO  rt  ON 
ON  rH          VO  ON^rO 

O  ON  VO  Tt  00  rH  ts. 
CM  CM  tO  CM  CNJ  O  00 
,-c  ON  ON  10  VO  OO  O 

CM  rH  ts,  CM  00  ON  Tt 

O  rt  ro  ON  to  ts,  vo 
CM  Tt  Tt  to  00  rt  O 
ro  «O  O^CM  to  ro  Tt_ 

CMrt^aooooo 

VOOO          VO«O  Tt  Tt 

vo  co  O  ro  co  ts.  Tt 
00  CM  vo  ON  to  Tt  ro 
CM  to  Tt  ts.  vo  OO  00 

IO  OO  00  ts.  r-t  ON  rt 

i 

0  ro  Tt  00  00  \0  ON 
ON  to  CM  «O  O  O  *-' 

ON  ON  rt  ON  rt  CM  ts. 

rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt 

rt  rt  rt  rt-O-O  rt 

O^  Tttoro  O  rt 

ON  to  CM  ON  ON  ts.  ts. 
CM  Tt^ts^o  CM  ^ON^ 

ON  ON  Tt  ON  IO  VO  O 

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^ 

rt  ts.  ro  T-I  ON  T-I  OO 

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|? 

rt  rt  rt  oo"tsT.n  rt 

0 
CM 
CM. 

rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  O 

Tt  ts.  CO  ON  O  ts.  O 

VO  ON  rt  is.  CM  O  OO 
VO  tO  CM  IO  Tt  Tt  ts. 

ON">O"VO"OO"OK«^CM" 

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VO  CM  rt  rt^lO^Tt^ 

0 

vo  Tt  ro  ON  00  is.  00 
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CM  rH  co  CM  CO  O  00 

Tt^ON^vo^CM^ 

vo 

CM 

rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  tflTt 

i  ssS  § 
rti-°5§rt^ 

vo  VO  CO  to  CM  CM  Tt 
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f\q  to  CO  CO  to  VO  ON 

sjjljej 

1 

00  CM  VO  T^  O  CM  O 
ro  CM  CO  VO  ON  t>»  co 

CM  CO  ro  Tt  vo  to  CM 

VO  00  00  ts.  rt  to  >0 

ro"  tsT  tsT  CM"  rt"  cT  tsT 

IO  00  CO  CO  tO  CM  tO 

I-H  to  ro  to  o  O  Tt 

•k    &    ll    *    fk    *    * 

rt  ts.  00  OO  vo  O  fO 
CM  CM  M  CM  ro  to  to 

rt  ON  Tt  ro  00  Tt  vo 
O\  rt  ts.  O  ro  ro  ro 
Is.  CM  co  rT>cO,°0,'~t 

§10  ^-1  rt  CO  VO  Tt 
co  co  CM  O^OO^to^ 

06"  vo"  tsT  oo"  vo"  to"  vo" 

VO  rt  O  O\  OO  rt  IO 

ro  CO  CM  O  Tt  -O  to 
ON"  t~s"  CM"  co"  rt"  o"  vo" 

fs.  VO  00  00  00  Tt  10 

CM"OO"IO"  tC  o"  rt"  rt" 

VO  ts.  00  ON  CM  CO  rt 

O  O  O  o  O   O  O 

Ja  .0  J2  .Q  ,a  J2  .0 

BE  SS  6SS 

3  3  3  3  3  3  3 

G  a  c  a  c  c  c 

s 

ONOrt  CMroTtio 

O\  O  rt  CM  CO  Tt  IO 

ON  O  rt  CM  CO  TttO 

C  C  C  c  C  C  C 

rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  rt  _rt 

ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON 

O\  ON  ON  ON  ON  O\  ON 

ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON 

ON  ON  ON  o\  ON  ON  ON 

.O  _Q.£i  n  _Q  -Z3  J3 
O  O  O  o  O  O  O 

0  O  O  o  O  0  O 

Preservatives. 

t                                         j        ^                                        ,                                                     J        .                                         J 

Zinc  Chloride  

Zinc-Creosote  ^ 

All  Preservatives  « 

NOTE.  —  Figures  furnisl 

PROGRESS  IN  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


17 


MATERIAL   TREATED   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 
TOTAL  MATERIAL. 


19i5 


1915 


10        20       30       40        50       60       70       50       90        100     110       120       130      140      ISO      I6C 
CU.     FEET     —    MILLIONS 

CROSS-TIES. 


0         10      20       30       40       SO      60      70      80      9O     100     IIO      120    130    140 
CU     FEET -MILLIONS 

PILES. 


iqi  c 

IQI4 

IQI  -a 

1912 

1910 

345 
CU.    FEET-  MILLIONS 
POLES. 


CU    FEET-MILLIONS 


18 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


MATERIAL   TREATED   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 
PAVING  BLOCKS. 


1915 
1914 
1913 
1912 
191  I 
1910 
1909 


1915 
I9W- 
1913 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1909 


34567 
CU.    FEET-MILLIONS 

CONSTRUCTION  TIMBER. 


10 


A  5  6  7  5 

CU.    FEET  -  MILLIONS 

CROSS-ARMS. 


10 


CU.      FEET    -  MILLIONS 

MISCELLANEOUS  LUMBER. 


1915 


PROGRESS  IN  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


19 


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20 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


CROSS-TIES  TREATED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Year 

Number  of  Miles 

Number  of 
Ties  Used 

Number  of 
Ties  Treated 

% 
Treat- 
ed 

Number 
of 
Treating 
Plants 
In 
Opera- 
tion 

STEAM 
RAILROADS 

Horse 
and 
Elec. 
Rwys. 

Total 

Main 
Tracks 

Other 
Tracks 

1860 
1870 
1880 
1885 
1886 

30626 
52922 
93267 
123320 
125185 

3000 
9100 
21977 
32868 
34441 

200 
1200 
2000 
2800 
3120 

33826 
63222 
117244 
158988 
162746 

10147800 
18966600 
35173200 
47696400 
48823800 

1 
f  50,000 

120000 
510000 

0.10 

0.25 
1.04 

3 

5 

5 

1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 

137028 
145387 
153725 
163597 
168403 

37348 
38221 
42242 
42036 
47746 

3680 
4112 
4930 
5241 
6155 

178056 
187720 
200897 
213874 
222304 

53416800 
56316000 
60269100 
64168200 
66691200 

594000 
644000 
615000 
650000 
697000 

.11 
.14 
.02 
.01 
.05 

5 
6 
7 
8 
8 

1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 

171564 
176461 
178709 
180657 
182777 

50787 
53676 
54825 
56237 
57352 

7040 
8870 
8949 
10810 
12133 

229391 
239007 
242483 
247704 
252262 

68817300 
71702100 
72744900 
74311200 
75678600 

790000 
812000 
920000 
1289000 
1307000 

.15 
.13 
.26 
1.73 
1.73 

9 
10 

11 
12 
13 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 

183284 
184648 
187535 
192556 
195562 

58729 
60686 
62608 
66228 
69790 

13765 
15942 
17665 
19314 
22217 

255778 
261276 
267808 
278098 
287569 

76733400 
78382800 
80342400 
83429400 
86270700 

1312000 
1826000 
2510000 
2800000 
4101000 

1.71 
2.33 
3.12 
3.36 
4.75 

13 
13 
15 
15 
17 

1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 

200155 
205314 
212243 
216974 
222340 

74041 
78508 
84830 
89823 
94643 

25592 
27754 
29548 
32517 
36212 

299788 
311576 
326621 
339314 
353195 

89936400 
93472800 
97986300 
77982000 
102834000 

6180000 
9010000 
12800000 
14890000 
16880000 

6.87 
9.64 
13.06 
19.09 
115.41 

22 
27 
30 
34 
39 

1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 

227455 
233468 
236834 
240293 
243979 

100520 
103152 
106949 
110936 
116586 

38812 
40247 
40490 
40088 
41088 

366787 
376867 
384273 
391317 
401653 

153700000 
112463000 
123751000 
148231000 
135053000 

19856000 
23776000 
22033000 
30544000 
31141000 

12.92 
21.14 
17.80 
20.60 
23.06 

51 
57 
68 
75 
81 

1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 

246777 
249777 
252230 
255000 

121386 
126038 
130661 
135000 

42110 
43043 
43989 
44500 

410273 
418858 
426880 
434500 

123081900 
125657400 
128064000 
130350000 

32394000 
40260000 
43847000 
37085585 

26.32 
32.04 

34.24 
28.40 

87 
92 
95 
102 

Mileage  of  steam  railroads  from  1890  to  1914  from  records  of  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission. 

Cross-ties  used  and  treated  from  1906  to  1911  from  Census  Reports. 

Cross-ties  used  from  1860  to  1905  and  from  1912  to  1915  estimated  on  basis 
of  300  ties  per  mile. 


PROGRESS  IN  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


21 


22  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

PROCESSES   FOR   PRESERVING  WOOD. 

Inventors  have  been  busy  for  years  endeavoring  to  find  ways  and 
means  of  protecting  wood  against  decay  and  from  destruction  by  fire. 
Although  many  demonstrations  have  been  made  to  prove  the  merits  of 
new  processes  or  preservatives,  comparatively  few  discoveries  are  ever 
commercial  successes. 

The  processes  of  commercial  importance  are  those  that  either  coat 
a  piece  of  wood  with  a  superficial  absorption  of  preservative,  or  im- 
pregnate the  interior  of  a  piece  of  wood  with  a  preservative  under 
pressure. 

In  the  non-pressure  processes  the  superficial  coating  of  preservative 
is  obtained  by  brushing  or  spraying  it  on,  or  by  dipping  or  soaking  the 
wood  in  tanks  of  the  preservative.  Where  only  small  lots  of  material 
are  to  be  treated  and  the  treated  wood  will  not  be  abraded  or  split 
through  the  coating  of  preservative,  these  processes  are  economical. 

The  pressure  processes,  used  wherever  large  quantities  of  wood 
are  treated,  affect  deep  penetration  of  the  preservative,  thereby  pro- 
tecting the  interior  of  a  piece  of  wood  against  decay.  The  depth  of 
penetration  attainable  is  dependent  upon  a  number  of  factors,  chief 
among  which  are  the  kind  of  wood,  the  character  of  its  growth,  its 
condition  as  to  seasoning  and  solidity,  the  method  of  treatment,  and  the 
preservative  used. 

The  simplest  and  oldest  form  of  wood  preservation  is  to  brush  the 
preservative  into  the  stick  to  be  treated,  repeating  the  application  two 
or  more  times.  A  container  to  hold  and  in  which  to  heat  the  preserva- 
tive is  generally  necessary.  The  labor  cost  of  such  treatment  is  com- 
paratively high. 

Where  wood  is  in  place  and  brushing  preservative  on  it  is  incon- 
venient, spraying  it  is  sometimes  adopted.  The  waste  of  preservative 
is  against  general  use  of  this  method  of  application.  Dipping  or 
steeping  a  piece  of  wood  in  open  tanks  of  suitable  size,  filled  with 
preservatives,  will  assure  a  superficial  covering  with  preservative  deeper 
than  that  to  be  had  by  simply  brushing  on  the  preservative.  The  wood 
is  immersed  in  hot  or  cold  preservative  and  left  to  soak  up  all  that 
it  will.  Or  it  is  sometimes  kept  in  boiling  preservative  for  several  hours 
and  then  plunged  into  cold  preservative.  In  some  cases  the  wood  is 
placed  in  closed  cylinders  and  the  preservative  made  hot,  though  no 
pump  pressure  is  applied.  The  time  of  treatment  varies  greatly,  but  a 
hot  bath  of  one  to  two  hours  followed  by  a  cool  bath  of  the  same 
period  is  usually  enough.  The  best  results  from  non-pressure  pro- 
cesses are  had  only  when  thoroughly-seasoned  wood  is  used.  A  dis- 
advantage of  brush,  spray,  and  open-tank  treatment  is  the  loss  of  pre- 
servative through  evaporation. 

The  locations  of  many  non-pressure  plants  are  given  on  page  40. 
Details  as  to  the  erection  of  similar  plants  may  be  had  from  the  manu- 


PROCESSES  FOR  PRESERVING  WOOD  23 

facturers  listed  on  page  35.     Particulars  as  to  methods  of  treatment 
may  be  had  from  the  purveyors  of  preservatives  listed  on  page  30. 

The  general  method  of  impregnating  wood  with  a  preservative  is  in 
cylinders,  which  range  in  size  from  72  inches  in  diameter  and  42  feet 
long  to  108  inches  in  diameter  and  172  feet  long.  The  preservative  is 
forcibly  injected  into  the  wood  by  means  of  pumps. 

The  two  leading  preservatives  used  in  the  pressure  processes  are 
creosote  and  zinc  chloride,  either  alone  or  together,  and  the  absorp- 
tion per  cubic  foot  of  wood  treated  varies  from  2  to  20  pounds  of 
creosote,  and  usually  from  0.5  to  0.75  lt>.  dry  zinc  chloride.  The 
maximum  quantity  of  creosote  is  usually  -injected  into  piles  and  other 
marine  timbers  that  are  subject  to  attack  of  the  teredo  and  other  marine 
borers ;  in  land  situations  where  decay  is  the  principal  source  of  failure 
about  one-half  as  much  creosote  is  injected  into  the  wood.  Zinc 
chloride  is  best  adapted  to  timber  for  use  in  arid  or  semi-arid  regions, 
where  precipitation  is  too  low  to  leach  out  the  preservative,  and  where 
low  first  cost  is  essential.  The  pressure  processes  are  divided  into : 

(1).  Full-Cell  treatments,  which  force  into  and  leave  in  wood 
practically  all  the  preservative  it  will  hold  where  penetrated,  thereby 
giving  maximum  protection  against  decay  for  that  depth  of  penetration ; 
and 

(2).  Empty-Cell  treatments,  which  aim  to  reduce  materially  the 
final  retention  of  preservative,  while  not  reducing  the  depth  of  pene- 
tration. 

Either  green  or  seasoned  timber  can  be  treated  by  the  pressure 
processes.  When  green  timber  is  put  into  the  cylinder  it  is  often 
seasoned  by  means  of  live  steam,  followed  by  a  vacuum  to  dry  the  wood 
before  treatment.  A  vacuum  is  also  drawn  at  the  end  of  the  treat- 
ment to  hasten  the  draining  of  the  surplus  from  the  cylinder  and  to 
dry  the  timber. 

The  better-known  pressure  processes  used  in  the  United  States 
are: 

Bethell.— (full-Cell  Process.) 

Patented  by  John  Bethell  in  England  in  1838.  Commonly  used  for 
the  treatment  of  piles,  poles,  cross-arms,  paving  blocks,  structural 
timbers,  lumber,  and  ties.  Consists  essentially  of  the  following  steps : 

a.  Preliminary  vacuum  one-half  to  one  or  more  hours. 

b.  Oil  injected  under  pressure,  maximum  usually  between  100  and 
180  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

c.  Final  vacuum   (sometimes  omitted). 

Green  timber  is  usually  subjected  to  a  live  steam  bath  at  about  20 
Ibs.  pressure  for  several  hours  before  the  preliminary  vacuum.  Sea- 
soned timber  is  not  usually  steamed  in  this  process,  except  in  the  case 
of  paving  blocks.  The  amount  of  oil  injected  depends  upon  the  specifi- 


24  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

cations  of  the  purchaser,  but  the  absorption  per  cubic  foot  is  usually 
within  the  following  ranges: 

Lumber,  poles,  structural  timbers,  cross-arms,  ties,   fresh- 
water and  land  piles,  8  to  12  pounds. 
Paving  blocks,  12  to  20  pounds. 
Salt  water  piles,  16  to  24  pounds. 

Boiling. 

Patented  by  W.  G.  Curtis  and  John  D.  Isaacs  in  1895  and  reissued 
the  same  year.  (U.  S.  patent  545,222,  and  reissue  11,515). 

Used  chiefly  for  creosoting  Douglas  fir  piles,  timber,  lumber,  ties, 
and  paving  blocks.  Consists  essentially  of  the  following  steps : 

a.  Wood  (either  green  or  seasoned)  in  the  retort  is  covered  with 
oil  at  about  160°  F. 

b.  Oil  heated  to  225°  to  250°  F.  at  atmospheric  pressure  and  vapors 
passed  through  a  condenser. 

c.  Heating  continued  until  rate  of  condensation  falls  to  1/6  to  1/10 
of  a  pound  of  water  per  cubic  foot  of  wood  per  hour.    This  frequently 
requires  40  to  60  hours  for  green  timber,  and  sometimes  more. 

d.  Retort  filled  with  cool  oil,  allowing  temperature  to  fall. 

e.  Pressure   applied,    maximum    120   to   150   Ibs.   per   square   inch, 
until  desired  absorption  obtained ;  usually  10  to  12  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Bcultgn.---(  Boiling  Under  Vacuum.)        )      • 

Patented  by  S.  B.  Boulton  in  England  and  the  United  States.  (See 
U.  S.  patent  247,602,  issued  Sept.  27,  1881),  also  by  O.  P.  M.  Goss  in  the 
United  States.  (See  U.  S.  patent  1,167,492,  issued  in  1916). 

Used  chiefly  for  the  treatment  of  Douglas  fir  piles,  timber,  ties, 
lumber  and  paving  blocks.  Consists  essentially  of  the  following  steps : 

a.  Timber  immersed  in  hot  creosote  and  subjected  to  a  vacuum, 
and  the  escaping  vapors  drawn  through  a  condenser. 

b.  Temperature    (usually  190°  F.  to  210°  F.)    and  vacuum  main- 
tained until  the  rate  of  condensation  of  water  falls  to  a  specified  amount 
per  cubic  foot  of  wood  per  hour,  usually  1/6  to  1/10  of  a  pound. 

c.  Vacuum  discontinued  and  pressure  applied  until  desired  absorp- 
tion obtained. 

The  object  of  the  vacuum  is  to  evaporate  the  water  from  the  wood 
at  a  lower  temperature  than  in  the  ordinary  steaming  or  straight-boiling 
process. 

Burnett. 

Patented  in  England  in  1838  by  William  Burnett. 

In  general  use  for  treating  ties,  lumber  and  timber  with  zinc 
chloride.  Consists  essentially  as  follows  for  seasoned  wood  : 

a.    Preliminary  vacuum. 


PROCESSES  FOR  PRESERVING  WOOD  25 

b.  Zinc  chloride  solution  applied  under  pressure  of  100  to  175  ft>s. 
per  square  inch,  to  approximate  refusal. 

For  green  timber  a  steaming  period  of  one  to  five  or  more  hours  at 
about  20  tbs.  is  usually  applied  before  the  vacuum.  The  strength  of  the 
zinc  solution  generally  is  so  regulated  that  at  refusal  the  timber  will 
have  absorbed  from  %  to  ^  ft>.,  usually  the  latter,  of  dry  zinc  chloride 
per  cubic  foot. 

Card. 

Patented  by  J.  B.  Card  in  1906,  (U.  S.  patent  815,404).  Used  chiefly 
for  ties,  lumber,  and  timbers.  The  essential  parts  of  the  process  are : 

a.  The  use  of  a  mixture  containing  about  80%  of  zinc  chloride 
solution  and  20%  creosote. 

b.  The  method  of  keeping  the  zinc  chloride  and  creosote  mixed 
during  treatment  by  means  of  a  rotary  pump,  which  draws  the  mixture 
from  the  top  of  the  retort  and  returns  it  at  the  bottom  through  a 
perforated  pipe. 

The  use  of  steaming,  vacuum,  and  pressure  are  the  same  as  in  the 
Bethell  process.  It  is  customary  to  inject  about  ^2  ft),  of  zinc  chloride 
and  2  to  3  Ibs.  of  creosote  per  cubic  foot. 

Lowry. —  (Hmpty-Cell  Process.) 

Patented  by  C.  B.  Lowry  in  1906.  (U.  S.  patent  831,450).  Used 
chiefly  for  creosoting  air-seasoned  cross-ties.  Consists  essentially  of 
the  following  steps: 

a.  Without  first  drawing  a  vacuum,   creosote   at  not  to   exceed 
200°  F.  is  injected  into  the  wood  to  refusal,  or  to  a  specific  amount. 

b.  A  quick  vacuum  is  drawn  to  remove  the  excess  oil  from  the 
timber. 

The  air  imprisoned  by  injecting  the  oil  without  a  preliminary 
vacuum  expands  during  the  final  vacuum,  forcing  out  a  certain  amount 
of  the  oil  with  it.  The  process  is  classed  as  an  empty-cell  process  for 
this  reason.  The  net  absorption  is  from  6-8  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 

Rueping. — (Empty-Cell  Process.) 

Patented  in  the  United  States  in  1902  by  Max  Rueping.  (U.  S. 
patents  707,799  and  709,799).  The  second  patent  was  reissued  October, 
1907.  (Reissue  12,707). 

Used  chiefly  for  ties  and  lumber.    Consists  of  the  following  steps : 

a.  Retort,    containing   the   wood,    is   filled   with   compressed   air; 
the  pressure  varying  with  the  kind  and  condition  of  the  wood. 

b.  Oil  forced  into  retort,  gradually  allowing  air  to  escape,  but 
without  reducing  pressure. 

c.  When  retort  is  full  of  oil,  pressure  is  increased  to  a  maximum 
of  150  to  200  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  and  held  to  refusal,  or  until  specified 
absorption  is  obtained. 


26  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

d.  Oil  drained  and  vacuum  drawn  to  remove  excess  of  oil  from 
the  wood. 

If  green  timber  is  treated,  it  is  first  artificially  seasoned  by  steaming, 
boiling,  or  boiling  under  vacuum,  before  the  air  pressure  is  applied. 
Net  absorption  usually  4  to  6  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Steaming. — (Colman  Process.) 

Not  patented. 

Used  almost  exclusively  for  the  treatment  of  Douglas  fir  piles. 
Consists  essentially  of  the  following  steps : 

a.  Timber  steamed  at  a  pressure  of  90  to  100  lt>s.  per  square  inch 
for  3  to  10  hours. 

b.  Steam  released  and  vacuum  drawn  until  timber  is  considered 
seasoned.     This  sometimes  requires  18  to  20  hours.     The  temperature 
within  the  retort  during  the  vacuum  period  is  usually  maintained  above 
200°  F. 

c.  Oil  is  injected  at  a  maximum  pressure  of  100  to  150  Ibs.  per 
square  inch  until  desired  absorption  is  obtained. 

There  are  many  other  processes,  the  merits  and  demerits  of  which 
have  been  or  are  yet  to  be  demonstrated.  Most  wood-preserving  plants 
arc  equipped  to  treat  by  any  processes  desired  by  the  user  of  the  treated 
wood.  They  also  may  be  relied  upon  to  advise  the  kinds  of  treatments 
which  will  bring  results  to  which  they  can  point  later  with  satisfaction. 


Conservation  by  preservation  is  economy  exemplified, 


WOOD  PRESERVATIVES 


27 


WOOD    PRESERVATIVES. 

The  substances  proposed  as  a  means  of  protecting  wood  against 
destruction  by  fire,  fungi,  insects,  or  worms,  include  the  following : 


Aluminum  sulphate. 
Animal  oils. 
Barium  carbonate. 
Barium  sulphate. 
Borax. 
Cedar  oil. 
Copper  sulphate. 
Creosotes    (coal-tar,    water- 
gas-tar,  wood,  petroleum.) 
Crude  oil. 
Fish  oil. 
Glue. 

Gums  (various.) 
Iron  sulphate. 
Lime  hydrate. 
Linseed  oil. 
Magnesium  sulphate. 
Mercuric  chloride. 
Molasses  and  low  syrups. 


Petroleum  oils. 

Potassium  carbonate. 

Potassium  nitrate. 

Resins. 

Sodium  carbonate. 

Sodium  chloride. 

Sodium  fluoride. 

Sodium  muriate. 

Sodium  sulphate. 

Sulphuric  acid. 

Tannin. 

Tar. 

Tartaric  acid. 

Vegetable  oils. 

Wax. 

Whale  oil. 

Zinc  chloride. 

Zinc  sulphate. 


The  merit  of  a  wood  preservative  is  determined  either  by  its  ability 
to  poison  fungi  or  bacteria,  or  to  waterproof  wood.  Preservatives  vary 
greatly  in  their  toxicity  (property  to  poison),  and  the  greater  their 
toxicity  the  longer  will  the  wood  keep  sound.  Toxic  preservatives  that 
will  easily  penetrate  wood,  do  not  affect  its  strength,  and  are  obtainable 
at  a  reasonable  price,  are  the  most  efficient  and  economical. 

The  consumption  of  wood  preservatives  in  the  United  States  for 
a  series  of  years  is  given  in  the  accompanying  table. 

WOOD  PRESERVATIVES  USED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Year 

Number 
of 
Plants 

Creosote. 
Gallons. 

Zinc 
Chloride. 
Pounds. 

Other 
Preservatives. 
Gallons*. 

1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1,913 

64 
71 
80 
84 
93 

51,431,212 
63,266,271 
73,027,335 
83,666,490 
108,373,359 

16,215,109 
16,802,532 
16,359,797 
20,751,711 
26,466,803 

t 
2,333,707 
1,000,000 
3,072,462 
3,885,738 

1914 

94 

79,334,606 

27,212,259 

f  9,429,444* 
I  2,486,637 

1915 

102 

80,859,442 

33,269,604 

f  3,205,563* 
I  1,693,544 

•Includes  crude  oil,  coke  oven-tar,  refined  coal-tar  and  carbolineum  oils. 
fStatistics  not  available. 
f'Paving    oil." 


Some  preservatives  like  zinc  chloride,  mercuric  chloride,  and  copper 
sulphate,   are   made   from   inorganic  compounds   which   are   soluble   in 


28 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


water,  and  these  will  leach  out  of  the  wood  when  it  is  exposed  to  very 
wet  surroundings.  In  dry  localities,  however,  these  inorganic  pre- 
servatives will  assure  a  considerably  longer  life  to  treated  wood  than 
could  be  expected  of  the  untreated  wood.  Other  preservatives,  such 
as  the  creosotes,  which  are  made  from  organic  compounds,  are  more 
waterproof  and  less  volatile. 

Creosote. 

The  creosote  suitable  for  preserving  wood  is  derived  from  the  tar 
obtained  in  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood,  coal,  petroleum,  etc. 
Creosote  oil,  in  the  scientific  sense,  may  be  defined  as  any  and  all 
distillate  oils  boiling  between  200°  and  400°  Centigrade,  which  are  ob- 
tained by  distillation  from  tars  consisting  principally  of  compounds 
belonging  to  the  aromatic  series  and  containing  well-defined  amounts 
of  phenoloids. 

Creosote  is  the  most  important  wood  preservative,  and  has  been 
in  use  for  this  purpose  for  a  great  many  years.  The  consumption 
of  creosote  oil  in  the  United  States  in  the  five  years  from  1909  to  1913 
more  than  doubled,  and  in  the  seven  years  from  1909  to  1915  was  as 
follows : 

CREOSOTE  USED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Year 

Total 
Creosote 
Used. 

Domestic 
Creosote. 

Per  Cent 
of  Total 

Imported 
Creosote. 

Per  Cent 
of  Total 

1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 

Gallons. 
51,426,212 
63,266,271 
73,027,335 
83,666,490 
108,373,359 
79,334,606 
80,859,442 

Gallons. 
13,862,171 
18,184,355 
21,510,629 
31,135,195 
41,700,167 
28,026,870 
43,358,435* 

27 
29 
29 
37 
38 
35 
54 

Gallons. 
37,569,041 
45,081,916 
51,516,706 
52,531,295 
66,673,192 
51,307,736 
37,501,007 

73 

71 
71 
63 
62 
65 
46 

"41,333,890  gals,  coal-tar  and  2,024,545  gals,  water-gas-tar. 


The  domestic  production  of  creosote  oil  has  grown  steadily, 
especially  since  the  European  war  interfered  with  exports  to  the 
United  States.  In  1914  the  production  of  creosote  oil  in  the  United 
States  amounted  to  28,026,870  gallons,  and  a  year  later  had  nearly 
doubled  to  43,358,435  gallons.  Domestic  manufacturers  furnished  35% 
of  the  total  amount  of  creosote  oil  used  in  1914,  and  in  1915  they  sup- 
plied 54%.  The  imports  in  1914  amounted  to  65%  of  the  total  con- 
sumption of  creosote  oil  in  the  United  States,  and  in  1915  the  foreign 
supply  fell  to  46%. 

Specifications  for  coal-tar  creosote  oil,  calculated  on  the  basis 
of  the  dry  oil  when  distilled  by  the  common  method  (using  an  8-oz. 
retort,  asbestos  covered,  with  standard  thermometer,  bulb  y2  in. 


WOOD  PRESERVATIVES 


29 


above   the   surface   of   the   oil),   prepared  by  the   American    Railway 

Engineering  Association,  are  as  follows: 

Distillation  Grade  1.  Grade  2.  Grade  3. 

Below  210°   C 5%  8%  10% 

235°    C Not    over         25%  35%  40% 

Residue   above    355°  C.    Over           5% — soft  5% — soft  5% — soft 

Water   Not  over           3%  3%  3% 

Specific  gravity  at  38°  C 1.03  1.03  1.025 

Grade  1  oil  shall  be  a  pure  product  obtained  from  coal-gas- 
tar  or  coke-oven-tar,  and  shall  be  free  from  any  tar,  including  coal- 
gas-tar  and  coke-oven-tar,  oil  or  residue  obtained  from  petroleum 
or  any  other  source ;  it  shall  be  completely  liquid  at  38°  C.,  and  shall 
be  free  from  suspended  matter.  Oils  2  and  3  shall  be  the  best-obtain- 
able grades  of  coal-tar  creosote. 

The  specifications  for  creosote  oil  prepared  in  behalf  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Municipal  Improvements  in  October,  1916,  by  that 
association's  Committee  on  Standard  Specifications  for  Creosoted  Wood 
Block  Paving,  are  as  follows: 

"A"  Coal-Tar  Paving  Oil:  A  coal-tar  product  at  least  65%  a 
distillate  of  coal-gas  tar  or  coke-oven  tar;  the  remainder  refined  or 
filtered  coal-gas  tar  or  coke-oven  tar. 

"B"     Coal-Tar  Distillate  Oil:     A  distillate  of  coal-gas  tar  or  coke- 


Water 

"A" 

"B"  — 

Matter   insoluble  in  benzol 
Specific  gravity  at  38°  C. 
Distillates 
Up  to   210°  C  

Not  more  than   3%  
Between  1.07  and  1.12... 

Not   over    5  %  

Not  more  than  0.5% 
Not  less  than  1.06 

Not  over  5% 

Up  to  235°  C  

Not  over   25  %  

Not  over  15% 

Residue    above    355°  C... 

Specific  gravity  of  fraction 
between     235°  C    and 

If    over    35%    shall    have 
float  test  of  not  over 
80  sec.  at  70°  C  
Not  less  than  1.02  at  38°  / 
15.5°    C  

If    over    10%    shall    have 
float  test  of  not  over 
50  sec.  at  70°  C. 
Not  less  than  1.02  at  38e/ 
15.5°  C. 

315°    C 

Specific  gravity  of  fraction 
between     315°  C    and 

Not  less  than  1.09  at  38°/ 
15.5°     C  

Not  less  than  1.09  at  38°/ 
15.5°  C. 

355°    C 

Coke    residue     

Not  more  than  10%  

Not  more  than  2% 

Zinc  Chloride. 

The  principal  water-soluble  salt  which  is  used  as  an  antiseptic  for 
destroying  fungi  that  attack  wood  in  localities  that  are  not  excessively 
wet  is  zinc  chloride,  which  has  been  employed  as  a  wood  preservative 
for^  nearly  forty  years.  It  is  purchased  either  in  the  fused  state  or  in 
a  concentrated  solution.  Fused  zinc  chloride  should  contain  at  least 
94%  of  water-soluble  chloride  of  zinc,  and  be  free  from  acids.  It  should 
be  practically  free  from  soluble  iron  or  other  inorganic  impurities 
insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid.  The  concentrated  solution  contains  about 
50%  water,  and  this  is  the  form  in  which  zinc  chloride  is  injected  into 
wood.  The  consumption  of  zinc  chloride  in  the  United  States  for  pre- 
serving wood  amounted  in  1914  to  27,212,259  pounds,  and  in  1915  to 
33,269,604  pounds. 

A  number  of  patented,  proprietary  wood  preservatives  are  being 
marketed.  They  are  used  generally  in  gallon  or  barrel  lots  in  localities 
near  their  points  of  manufacture,  to  minimize  the  cost  of  their  trans- 
portation. 


30  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

MANUFACTURERS    OF   OR   DEALERS   IN 
WOOD   PRESERVATIVES. 

Creosote. 

UNITED  STATES. 

American  Tar  Products  Co.,  208  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago,  111.; 
Milwaukee,  Wis. ;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Steubenville,  O. ;  Woodward,  Ala.; 
Youngstown,  O. 

Armitage  Mfg.  Co.,  2716  E.  Grace  St.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Barnaby  &  Co.,  Colman  Bldg.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Barrett  Co.,  The,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York;  Birmingham,  Ala.; 
Boston,  Mass. ;  Chicago,  111. ;  Cincinnati,  O. ;  Cleveland,  O. ;  Detroit, 
Mich. ;  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Minneapolis,  Minn. ;  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.;  New  Orleans,  La.;  Peoria,  111.;  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah;  Seattle,  Wash. 

Carolina  Portland  Cement  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Chatfield  Mfg.  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Cleveland-Cliffs  Iron  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Creosote  Supply  Co.,  1105  Queen  &  Crescent  Bldg.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Denver  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Co.,  900  15th  St.,  Denver,  Colo. 

Lembcke,  von  Bernuth  Co.,  171  Madison  Avenue,  New  York. 

Lewis  Mfg.  Co.,  F.  J.,  Chicago,  111.;  Birmingham,  Ala.;  Moline,  111. 

Nashville  Chemical  Co.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Republic  Creosoting  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Minneapolis,  Minn. ; 
Mobile,  Ala. 

Semet-Solvay  Co.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

United  Gas  Improvement  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Utah  Light  &  Power  Co.,  Ogden,  Utah. 

Warren  Brothers,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Zopher  Mills,  91  Pioneer  St.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

FOREIGN. 

American  Tar  Products  Co.,  Montreal,  Canada. 
Blagden,  Waugh  &  Co.,  London,  England. 

British  Creosote  Co.  (Shields  &  Ramsay,  Agents),  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land. 

Brotherton  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Leeds,  England. 

Burt,  Bolton  &  Haywood,  Ltd.,  London,  England. 

Chemische  Fabrik  Grunan,  Grunan   (Berlin),  Germany. 

Chemische  Fabrik  Ladenburg,  Ladenburg,  Germany. 

Dominion  Tar  &  Chemical  Co.,  Sydney,  Nova  Scotia. 

Dunn  Bros.  &  Co.,  Manchester,  England. 

Forbes,  Abbott  &  Leonard,  London,  England. 

Gas  Light  &  Coke  Co.,  London,  England. 

Graesser,  R.,  Ruabon,  Wales. 

Hird,  Hastie  &  Co.,  Glasgow,  Scotland. 

Leitch  &  Co.,  John  W.,  Heddersfield,  England. 


DEALERS  IN  PRESERVATIVES  31 

Creosote— (Continued). 

Lowe  &  Co.,  Chas.,  London,  England. 

Major  &  Co.,  Hull,  England. 

Metcalf,  J.,  Althatn  (Near  Accrington),  England. 

Munro  Co.,  Robt.  A.,  Ltd.,  Glasgow,  Scotland. 

Page  &  Co.,  Chas.,  London,  England. 

Raschig,  Dr.  F.,  Ludwigshafen  on  Rhein,  Germany. 

South  Metropolitan  Gas  Works,  London,  England. 

Tennant  &  Co.,  Chas.,  London,  England. 

Tullock  Co.,  Wm.,  Glasgow,  Scotland. 

Zinc  Chloride. 

Commercial  Acid  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

General  Chemical  Co.,  112  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Grasselli  Chemical  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Patented  Proprietary  Preservatives. 

Aczol.    J.  Gerlache,  Boulevard  du  Nord,  68,  Brussels,  Belgium. 

Atlas  "A."    Atlas  Preservative  Co.,  New  York. 

Aztec.    Interocean  Oil  Co.,  New  York. 

Avenarius  Carbolineum.  Carbolineum  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  New  York. 

Barol.    Anthrol  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  New  York. 

Barrett  Grade  One  Liquid  Creosote  Oil  (Carbosota).  The  Barrett 
Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York;  Birmingham,  Ala.;  Boston,  Mass.; 
Chicago,  111.;  Cincinnati,  O. ;  Cleveland,  O.;  Detroit,  Mich.;  Kansas 
City,  Mo.;  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  New 
Orleans,  La. ;  Peoria,  111. ;  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Pittsburgh,  Pa. ;  St.  Louis, 
Mo. ;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah ;  Seattle,  Wash. 

Beechivood  Creosote.  Lake  Superior  Iron  and  Chemical  Co.,  De- 
troit, Mich. 

B.  M.     Franz  Workman,  New  York. 

Carbolite  Carbolineum.  The  Dominion  Paving  &  Contracting  Co., 
55  Gore  Vale  Ave.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Carbosota.    The  Barrett  Co.     (See  above.) 

C-A-Wood-Preserver.  C- A- Wood-Preserver  Co.,  Inc.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

Chlorocene.    Sherwin-Williams  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Concentrol.    F.  &  H.  Aldred,  Derby,  England. 

Conserve.    Samuel  Cabot,  Inc.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Copper  Sulphate.  American  Smelting  &  Refining  Co.,  New  York. 
General  Chemical  Co.,  112  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Coppcrized  Oil.    Copper  Oil  Products  Co.,  New  York. 

Corrosive  Sublimate.  Roessler  &  Hasslacher  Chemical  Co.,  New 
York. 

Cre sol-Calcium.    Blagden,  Waugh  &  Co.,  London,  England. 

Gtcrnoid.    L.  &  M.  Supply  and  Equipment  Co.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


32  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Ferrosote.    National  Wood  Preserving  &  Lumber  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Grade  One  Liquid  Creosote.    The  Barrett  Co.     (See  above.) 

Hols-Heifer.   Vaughn  Paint  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Kreodone.  Republic  Creosoting  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Minneapo- 
lis, Minn.;  Mobile,  Ala. 

Letteney.    The  Northeastern  Co.,  6  Beacon  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Locustine.    W.  H.  Huff,  Beverly,  N.  J. 

Montanin.    Montanin  Co.,  New  York. 

Mykantin.    Farbwerke  Hoechst  Co.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Para-Kresol.    American  Chemical  &  Textile  Co.,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Penetin.    Preservative  Materials  Co.,  New  York. 

Preservol.    Newbold  Mfg.  Co.,  135  Greenwich  St.,  New  York. 

Pyrolin.    Pyrolin  Products  Co.,  Inc.,  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa. 

Reeves'  Wood-Preserver.    The  Reeves  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Sapwood  Antiseptic.    J.  W.  Long,  Chicago,  111. 

Saum's  Preservative.    Geo.  W.  Saums  Co.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Sodium  Fluoride.  General  Chemical  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  Harshaw, 
Fuller  &  Goodwin  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Sodium  Silicate.  General  Chemical  Co.,  112  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago, 
111. 

Solignum.    The  Northeastern  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

S.  P.  F.  Carbolineum.    S.  P.  F.  Wood-Preserving  Co.,  New  York. 

Spirittine.    Spirittine  Chemical  Co.,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Timber  asphalt.    Indian  Refining  Co.,  New  York. 

Zinc  Sulphate.  General  Chemical  Co.,  112  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago, 
111.  Grasselli  Chemical  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 


Pavements  of  preserved  wood 
are  pavements  of  permanent  worth. 


USES  OF  PRESERVED  WOOD 


33 


USES    OF    PRESERVED    WOOD. 

Wood  has  many  advantages  over  its  substitutes;  namely: 
Wood  is  widely  distributed  and  easily  obtainable. 

Wood  can  be  worked  easily  into  any  shape  with  simple 
tools. 

Wood  is  strong,  tough,  elastic  and  noiseless. 

Wood  will  not  contract  or  expand  under  varying  tem- 
peratures. 

Wood  is  a  non-conductor  of  heat  and  electricity. 

Wood  used  in  structures  or  for  other  purposes  can  be 
more  easily  removed  and  used  over  again  than  equally- 
substantial  material. 

Preservative  treatment  gives  to  wood  the  additional  advantage  of 
durability  wherever  decay  is  a  factor  in  its  service. 

The  principal  uses  of  treated  wood  are : 

Cross-Ties.  Cross-Arms. 

Switch-Ties.  Fence  Posts. 

Bridge-Ties.  Blocks  for  Paving 
Structural  Timbers.  and  Flooring. 

Piles.  Miscellaneous   Lumber. 
Poles. 

One-third  of  all  the  railway  ties  used  annually  are  now  treated 
with  preservatives,  and  the  consumption  of  treated  wood  for  railway 
work  is  steadily  increasing. 

Treated  telegraph  and  telephone  poles  and  cross-arms  are  now  the 
rule  rather  than  the  exception.  Only  creosoted  piles  will  withstand  the 
attack  of  marine  borers,  and  in  consequence  untreated  wood  is  now 
rarely  found  in  wharf  supports. 

Streets  paved  with  wood  blocks  are  no  longer  uncommon.  Their 
growing  popularity  is  justified  by  their  wearability,  noiselessness,  dust- 
lessness,  etc. 


As  flooring,  wood  block  is  used  in : 


Foundries. 

Machine    Shops    (all 

kinds). 
Shops   Handling 

Heavy  Machinery. 
Railway  Shops. 
Railway  Stations. 
Warehouses. 
Factories. 
Factory  Courts. 
Freight  Houses. 
Express  Rooms. 
Baggage  Rooms. 
Wild  Animal  Cages, 

Runways,  etc. 


Ferryboats    and    Ap- 
proaches. 
Driveways. 
Bridges. 
Post  Offices. 
Dumping  Platforms. 
Freight  Platforms. 
Loading  Platforms. 
Station  Platforms. 
Wharves  and  Docks. 
Barns. 

Tennis  Courts. 
Stables. 
Slaughter  Houses. 


Rubber  Factories. 
Hospitals. 
Laundries. 
Printing  Establish- 
ments. 
Garages. 
Cotton  Mills. 
Paper  Mills. 
Kitchens. 
Bakeries. 
Engine  Houses. 
Milk  Depots. 
Breweries. 
Dairies. 


34  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Satisfied  users  replied  as  follows  when  asked  why  they  preferred 
wood  block  as  flooring: 

Wears  well;  durable;  long  life. 

Easy  on  feet  of  workmen ;  men  like  to  work  on  these  floors. 
Quiet;  noiseless. 
Easily  repaired. 
Low  upkeep  cost. 

Smooth,  easy  trucking ;  good  surface. 
Good  footing.    Not  slippery. 

Saves  tools  dropped,  castings,  fine  work,  materials,  kegs,  etc. 
Sanitary. 
Warm. 

Dustless;  clean. 
Easily  cleaned. 

Resilient,  pliable,  shock  absorber. 
Easy  on  mules  and  horses. 

Easy  to  move  or  set  up  machinery  on,  to  put  in  pipes,  etc. 
Saves  trucks. 
Non-inflammable. 
Stands  great  abuse. 
Dries  quickly;  waterproof. 
Makes  a  solid  floor. 
Non-absorbent. 

Does  not  crack  or  chip  when  heavy  castings  are  thrown  on 
floor. 

Makes  a  neat  floor. 

Keeps  a  neat  floor. 

Keeps  out  flies,  mosquitoes,  etc. 

Not  damaged  by  metal  grinding  into  the  floor. 

Easily  laid. 

Preserved  structural  timbers  and  miscellaneous  lumber  are  used 
for  numerous  purposes  about  the  farm,  in  silos,  barns,  stock  pens, 
chicken  coops,  fencing,  culverts,  etc. ;  about  mills,  as  sills,  posts,  rafters, 
conduits,  etc. ;  in  mines,  as  supports,  etc. 


Preserved   piles    are   practically   permanent. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF  EQUIPMENT     .  35 

MANUFACTURERS    OF    WOOD -PRESERVING 
EQUIPMENT. 

Allis-Chalmers  Mfg.  Co Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Brown  Hoisting  Machinery  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Bovaird  &  Seyfaud  Mfg.  Co Bradford,  Pa. 

Casey  &  Hedges ,. Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Chicago  Bridge  &  Iron  Co Chicago,  III. 

Crane   Co Chicago,    111. 

Coeur  d'Alene  Iron  Works Wallace,  Idaho. 

Crook,  Kries  &  Co.,  (Successors  to  T.  C.  Basshor  Co.),  Baltimore,  Md. 

Fairbanks-Morse  Co St.  Paul,  Mirni. 

Fcxboro  Co.,  The Foxboro,  Mass. 

Graver  Tank  Works,  Wm East  Chicago,  Ind. 

Gravier  Tank  Works Galveston,  Tex. 

Greenlee  Bros.  &  Co Rockford,  111. 

Hilke  Stacker  Co New  York,  N.  Y. 

International  Creosoting  &  Construction  Co Galveston,  Tex. 

Jacobs  &  Sons,  S Birmingham,  Ala. 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Logan  Iron  Works Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Manitowoc  Engineering  Works Manitowoc,  Wis. 

Mathews  Gravity  Carrier  Co Ellwood  City,  Pa. 

Mohr  &  Sons,  John Chicago,  111. 

Moran  Bros Seattle,  Wash. 

National  Boiler  &  Sheet  Iron  Works Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co New  York,  N.  Y. 

Payne  &  Joubert New  Orleans,  La. 

Petroleum  Iron  Works Sharon,  Pa. 

Reeves  Bros.  Co Alliance,  O. 

Schaeffer  &  Budenberg  Mfg.  Co Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Struther- Wells    Co Warren,    Pa. 

Taylor  Instrument  Companies Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Union  Iron  'Works San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Willamette  Iron  and  Steel  Works Portland,  Oregon. 

Worthington  Pump  and  Machinery  Corporation New  York,  N.  Y. 

Yeomans  Bros.  Co Chicago,  III. 


Treated  ties  typify  tip-top  track. 


36  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


USERS  OF  PRESERVED  WOOD. 

With  a  wider  knowledge  of  the  merits  of  treated  wood  for  many 
purposes,  and  its  greater  economy  as  compared  with  the  natural  product, 
has  come  a  more  liberal  demand  for  treated  wood,  especially  from  the 
larger  users  of  this  material.  To  name  every  user  of  treated  wood 
would  be  quite  a  task,  but  it  is  possible  to  give  some  idea  of  the  indus- 
tries that  absorb  the  increasing  supply,  as  mentioned  below : 

Treated  Cross-Ties,  Switch-Ties  and  Bridge  Ties. 

Railroad  companies. 

Treated  Structural  Timbers. 

Manufacturing  companies. 
Mining  companies. 
Railroad  companies. 
Agriculturists. 

Treated  Piles. 

Railroad  companies. 
Shipbuilding  companies. 
Dock  companies. 
U.  S.  Government. 
Municipalities. 

Treated  Poles  and  Cross-Arms. 
Telegraph  companies. 
Telephone  companies. 
Railroad  companies. 
Light  companies. 
Power  companies. 
Water  supply  companies. 

Treated  Fence  Posts. 
Railroad  companies. 
Agriculturists. 

Treated  Miscellaneous  Lumber. 
Railroad  companies. 
Agriculturists. 
Shipbuilding  companies. 

Treated  Wood  Blocks. 

Railroad  companies.  Hospitals. 

Express  companies.  Print  shops. 

Manufacturing  companies.  Laundries. 

Foundries.  Hotels  and  restaurants. 

Machine  shops.  Bakeries. 

Post  offices.  Dairies. 

Garages.  Warehouses. 

Dock  companies.  Stores. 

Shipbuilding  companies.  Engine  houses. 

Cotton  mills.  Breweries. 

Paper  mills.  Rubber  works. 

Slaughter  houses.  Menageries. 

Stables.  Freight  houses. 

Platforms.  Barns. 


WOOD-PRESERVING  PLANTS 


37 


WOOD-PRESERVING   PLANTS, 
UNITED    STATES,    CANADA   AND   MEXICO. 

PRESSURE  PROCESSES. 
UNITED  STATES. 


Managing  Company 

Headquarters 

Location 
of 
Plant 

si 

><« 

RETORTS 

1 

y 

5 

!* 

American  Creosoting  Co. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Newark,  N.  J. 

1906 

M 

78 
78 

105 
165 

«                 «           <« 

Louisville,   Ky. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

1913 

2 

64 

134 

"                 "           " 

'            " 

Marion,    111.                                 1907 

2       84 

134 

«                 «           « 

" 

Springfield,  Mo.                         1907 

2 

84 

134 

«                  ««           it 

<           « 

Kansas  City,  Mo.                       1907 

2 

84 

134 

«                 «           « 

<           « 

Russell,  Ky. 

1915 

1 

84 

134 

<«                 «           « 

<            « 

Hugo,    Okla. 

1907 

2 

84 

134 

American  Creosote  Works. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Southport,  nr.  New  Orleans 

1901 

ii 

84 
108 

172 
172 

<«               «               « 

"                    <C                      ft 

Louisville,  Miss. 

1912 

1 

108 

172 

Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Co. 

Butte,  Mont. 

Butte,  Mont. 

1910 

1 

72 

43 

A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Rwy.  Co. 

Topeka,  Kan. 

Somerville,  Tex. 

1906 

5 

74 

132 

«              «         «       <« 

"          " 

Albuquerque,   N.   M. 

1908 

2 

74 

132 

Atlantic  Coast  Line  R.  R.  Co. 

Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Gainesville,   Fla. 

1912 

2 

74 

138 

Atlantic  Creo.  &  W.  P.  Wks. 

Norfolk,  Va. 

Norfolk,  Va. 

1901 

j! 

78 
78 

62 
82 

(  1       78 

126 

Ayer  &  Lord  Tie  Co. 

Chicago,  111. 

Grenada,  Miss. 

1904 

4  ;    74 

128 

"             "       "       " 

"         " 

Argenta,  Ark. 

1907 

4       74 

132 

"       "       " 

" 

Carbondale,  111. 

1902 

\  4       72 

1  4  j     74 

122 
132 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  Co. 

Baltimore,  Md.                   Green    Spring,   W.   Va. 

1912 

2 

84 

132 

Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Co. 

Maurer,  N.  J.                    Maurer,  N.  J. 

1905 

4 

72 

115 

Boston   Elevated  Rwy.    Co. 

Boston,  Mass.                    South   Boston,    Mass. 

1916 

1 

90 

51 

Buffalo,  Rochester  &  Pitsburgh 
R.  R.  Co. 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Bradford,   Pa. 

1910 

1 

75 

95 

Bunker  Hill  &  Sullivan  Mg.  Co. 

Kellogg,   Idaho                  Kellogg,  Idaho 

1908 

1  j     84 

10 

C3.rbolincu.ni  V^ood  Prcs.  Co 

Portland,  Ore.                    Portland,  Ore. 

1901 

1 

Central  of  Ga.  R.  R.  Co. 

Macon,  Ga.                          Macon,  Ga. 

1912 

2 

84 

116 

Central  R.  R.  of  New  Jersey. 

Port  Reading,  N.  J.           Port  Reading,  N.  J. 

1912 

2 

88  ! 

140 

Charlotte  Harbor  &  No.  Ry.  Co. 

Boca  Grande,  Fla. 

Hull,  Fla. 

1912 

1 

74 

73 

C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  Co. 

Galesburg,  111. 

Galesburg,  111. 

1907 

5 

74 

132 

«                  « 

Chicago,  111. 

Sheridan,   Wyo. 

1899 

2 

74 

132 

Chicago  Creosoting  Co. 

Chicago,  111. 

Waukegan,   111. 

1907 

2 

72 

134 

«                  (i              tf 

«         « 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

1912 

2 

132 

20 

Chicago  &  N.  W.  Ry.  Co. 

a         « 

Escanaba,  Mich. 

1903 

3 

72 

112 

"                 «           « 

«         « 

Riverton,  Wyo.                           1915 

1       72 

110 

Colman  Co.,  J.  M. 

Seattle,  Wash. 

Seattle,  Wash. 

1884 

3 

75 

120 

Colonial  Creosoting  Co. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Bogalusa,  La. 

1912 

2 

72 

134 

Columbia  Creosoting  Co. 

Portland,  Oregon 

Linnton,  nr.  P'tland,  Ore.     1912 

1 
1 

72 
72 

132 

65 

Compressed  Wood  Preserving  Co. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

1909 

2 

72 

76 

Continental  Tie  &  Lbr.  Co. 

Denver,  Colo. 

Cimarron,   N.   M. 

1913 

1 

84 

87 

El  Paso  &  S.  W.  R.  R.  Co. 
Eppinger  &  Russell  Co. 

El  Paso,  Tex. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alamogordo,  N.  M. 
Long   Island   City,  N.  Y. 

1902 
1878 

2 
4 

72 
72 

106 
100 

38 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


WOOD-PRESERVING  PLANTS  IN  UNITED  STATES— (Continued). 


Managing  Company 

Headquarters 

Location 
of 
Plant 

IH  "*-* 
0/3 
><PQ 

RETORTS 

1 

.P 

P 

jn 
&+; 

T 

Eppinger  &  Russell  Co. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Jacksonville,   Fla. 

1909 

3 

84 

130 

Federal  Creosoting  Co. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Bound  Brook,  N.  J. 

1909 

1 

84 

150 

"                 "            " 

"             " 

Toledo,  O. 

1909 

3 

84 

134 

"                 "            " 

><             « 

Rome,  N.  Y. 

1910 

2 

84 

150 

«                                 U                        ft 

«             « 

Paterson,    N.    J. 

1909 

1 

84 

150 

Georgia  Creosoting  Co. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Brunswick,    Ga. 

1915 

2 

84 

121 

Great  Northern  Ry.  Co. 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Somers,  Mont. 

1901 

4 

72 

110 

Gulfport  Creosoting  Co. 

Gulfport,  Miss. 

Gulfport,    Miss. 

1906 

2 

84 

120 

Indiana  Creosoting  Co. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Bloomington,  Ind. 

1907 

1 

84 

134 

Indiana  Tie  Co. 

Evansville,  Ind. 

Evansville,    Ind. 

1907 

2 

72 

110 

«          «      « 

Evansville,  Ind. 

Joppa,    111. 

1909 

2 

72 

110 

Indiana  Zinc  Creosoting  Co. 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

1904 

2 

72 

120 

Interstate  Public  Service  Co. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Columbus,    Ind. 

1909 

1 

72 

45 

Int'l.  Creo.  &  Con.  Co. 

Galveston,  Tex. 

Beaumont,   Tex.                j 

1892 
1897 

l> 

108 

140 

«         «             «       «< 

«           « 

Galveston,    Tex. 

1905 

1 

72 

100 

«         «             «       « 

" 

Texarkana,    Ark. 

1902 

\l 

114 
72 

165 
125 

Jennison-Wright  Co. 

Toledo,  O. 

Toledo,    O. 

1910 

2 

72 

130 

Kettle  River  Co. 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Madison,  111. 

1909 

4 

84 

135 

it          «        « 

«             « 

Sandstone,  Minn. 

1904 

2 

72 

120 

Louisiana  Creosoting  Co. 

Winnfield,  La. 

Winnfield,   La. 

1906 

11 

72 
72 

126 

80 

L.  &  N.  R.  R.  Co. 

^ouisville,  Ky. 

Guthrie,  Ky. 

1913 

2 

84 

133 

( 

1895 

1 

72 

115 

«           « 

Gautier,  Miss.                    < 

1916 

\\ 

72 

84 

133 
133 

Michigan  Pipe  Co. 

Bay  City,  Mich. 

Bay   City,    Mich. 

1893 

1 

72 

42 

Michigan  Wood  Preserving  Co. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Reed  City,  Mich. 

1913 

1 

90 

90 

Mo.,  Kan  &  Tex.  Ry.  Co. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dennison,    Tex. 

1909 

4 

72 

108 

Moss  Tie  Co.,  T.  J. 

.,       <. 

Mt.   Vernon,    111. 

1899 

i.l 

74 
72 

132 
117 

Nat'l  Lbr.  &  Creo.  Co. 

^exarkana,  Ark. 

Texarkana,  Tex. 

1910 

2 

84 

132 

" 

«           « 

Houston,  Tex. 

1912 

4 

72 

120 

, 

1896 

4 

78 

100 

Norfolk  Creosoting  Co. 

Norfolk,    Va. 

Buell(nr.  Norfolk)  ,Va.   } 

1905 

\\ 

78 
84 

105 
125 

Northern  Pacific  Ry.  Co. 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Brainerd,    Minn. 

1907 

2 

84 

134 

Ohio  Wood  Preserving  Co. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Orrville,  O. 

1912 

1 

84 

90 

Oregon-Wash.  R.  R.  &  Nav.  Co. 

'ortland,  Oregon 

Wyeth,    Oregon 

1904 

4 

72 

114 

Pacific  Creosoting  Co. 

Seattle,  Wash. 

Eagle  Harbor,  Wash. 

1906 

8 

73 

125 

Pennsylvania  R.  R.  Co. 

*hiladelphia,  Pa. 

Mount  Union,  Pa. 

1910 

2 

72 

132 

«                 «       « 

«             « 

Greenwich,   Phila.,   Pa. 

1909 

1 

72 

132 

Phila.  &  Reading  Ry. 

Jort  Reading,  N.  J. 

Port  Reading,   N.   J. 

1912 

2 

88 

140 

WOOD-PRESERVING  PLANTS 


39 


WOOD-PRESERVING  PLANTS  IN  UNITED  STATES— (Concluded). 


Managing  Company 

Headquarters 

Location 
of 
Plant 

>-  ,±i 
g'1 

><« 

RETORTS 

0 

fc 

M 

a 

1L 

v* 

Pioneer  Lbr.  &  Creo.  Co. 

Ensley,  Ala. 

Ensley,   Ala. 

1911 

! 

74 

76 

Pittsburgh  Wood  Preserving  Co. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Adelaide,  Pa. 

1911 

1 

84 

90 

(  1 

84 

117 

Puget  Sound  Wd.  Pres.  Co. 

Lowell,  Wash. 

Lowell,  Wash. 

1895 

1 

72 

83 

(  1 

72 

52 

Republic  Creosoting  Co. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Mobile,  Ala. 

1906 

2 

74 

130 

«                «             « 

«             « 

Indianapolis,    Ind. 

1903 

1 

74 

130 

«                «             « 

«             <« 

Seattle,   Wash. 

1916 

1 

74 

130 

«                «             « 

Minneapolis    Minn. 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

1905 

2 

74 

130 

St.  Helens  Creosoting  Co. 

Portland,  Oregon 

St.    Helens,    Oregon 

1912 

4 

84 

136 

St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lbr.  Co. 

Tacoma,  Wash. 

Tacoma,   Wash. 

1912 

1 

84 

130 

Shreveport  Creosoting  Co. 

Louisville,   Ky. 

Shreveport,  La. 

1910 

2 

84 

134 

Southern  Creosoting  Co. 

Slidell,  La. 

Slidell,   La.                         j 

1879 
1902 

1 

2 

84 

72 

150 
100 

Southern  Pacific  Co. 

San   Francisco,  Cal. 

Latham,  Oregon 

1893 

2 

72 

117 

« 

,.         .. 

West  Oakland,  Cal. 

1887 

if 

72 
72 

108 
138 

«             «            « 

« 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

1907 

2 

72 

112 

Southern  Paving  &  Const.  Co. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Pensacola,   Fla. 

1912 

1 

72 

90 

Southern  Wood  Pres.  Co. 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

1908 

1 

72 

100 

S.  P.  L.  A.  &  S.  L.  R.  R.  Co. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

San   Pedro,   Cal. 

1908 

2 

72 

117 

Tenn.  C.  I.  &  R.  R.  Co. 

Birmingham,  Ala. 

McAdory,  Ala. 

1909 

1 

72 

65 

Texas  &  N.  O.  R.  R.  Co. 

Houston,  Tex. 

Houston,    Tex. 

1890 

5 

72 

112 

Union  Pacific  R.  R.  Co. 

Omaha,  Neb. 

Topeka,   Kan. 

1909 

2 

73 

117 

«          «                 « 

<«          « 

Laramie,   Wyo. 

1903 

2 

73 

117 

U.  S.  Wood  Preserving  Co. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Buell    (near  Norfolk),  Va. 

1907 

2 

78 

150 

Western  Wood  Pres.  Co. 

Spokane,  Wash. 

Yardley,   Wash. 

1912 

1 

84 

65 

Wyckoff  Pipe  &  Creo.  Co. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Portsmouth,    Va. 

1881 

4 

74 

102 

Watkins  Creosoting  Co. 

Chicago,  111. 

Metropolis,   111. 

1913 

1 

74 

100 

CANADA. 


Bruce  &  Co.,  Alex. 

Glasgow,  Scotland 

Fort   Francis,    Ont. 

1912 

1 

84 

76 

Canada  Creosoting  Co.,  Ltd. 

Toronto,   Ont. 

Trenton,   Ont. 

1913 

1 

84 

134 

Dominion  Creo.  Co.,  Ltd. 

Vancouver,  B.  C. 

Vancouver,  B.   C. 

1910 

2 

90 

100 

Dominion  Tar  &  Chem.  Co. 

Sydney,  N.   S. 

Sydney,  N.  S. 

1911 

1 

78 

85 

«           «             «         « 

"             " 

Transcona  (nr.  Winnipeg), 

(  1 

78 

84 

Manitoba 

1912 

M 

78 

135 

Vancouver  Creosoting  Co.,  Ltd. 

Vancouver,  B.  C. 

North  Vancouver,  B.  C. 

1916 

2 

84 

132 

MEXICO. 


No  data  regarding  treating  plants  in  Mexico.  The  Mexican  Central  Railroad  built  a  plant  at  Aguas 
Cahentas,  Mex.,  in  1901 _  to  treat  railroad  ties  with  chloride  of  zinc.  About  the  year  1907  the  Madero  Co. 
built  a  2-retort  plant  at  Madera,  Chihuahua.  Mex.,  to  treat  railroad  ties  with  chloride  of  zinc 


(Corrected  to  Jan.  1,  1916.) 


40 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


WOOD-PRESERVING   PLANTS, 
UNITED    STATES   AND    CANADA, 

NON-PRESSURE  PROCESSES. 
UNITED    STATES. 


Location 

Tanks 
or 
Boilers 

Managing  Company 

of 
Plant                           oj  |     No. 

£« 

Size,  Ft. 

Allen  &  Son  Co.,  Otis 

Lowell,  Mass. 

Lowell,  Mass.  1848  2 

4x  8x50 

Anaconda  Copper  Mg.  Co. 
Barnes-Lindsey  Mfg.  Co. 

Butte,  Mont. 

Portland,   Oregon 
Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.  1875  4 
Butte,  Mont.  1909  1 

Portland,  Oregon  
Los  Angeles,  Cal  1911 

4x  8x50 
10x10x10 

Carbolineum  Treating  &  Pav.  Co. 
Carbolineum  Wd.  Pres.  Co. 

Del.  Lack.  &  West.  R.  R.  Co. 
Homestake  Mining  Co. 
Milwaukee  Ry    &  Light  Co. 

Spokane,  Wash. 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Scranton,  Pa. 
Lead,  S.  D. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Spokane,  Wash.  1910  1 
Portland,  Oregon  1910  4 

Nanticoke,  Pa.  1907  1 
Lead,  S.  D.  1908  1 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  1910 

3x  4x60 
3x  4x60 

6  dia.  x32 
4  dia.  x38 

Naugle  Pole  &  Tie  Co. 

Page  &  Hill  Co. 
Pacific  Light  &  Power  Co. 

Chicago,  111. 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Chicago,  111.  1912  2 

Minneapolis,  Minn.  1911  4 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.  1912 

5x  5x10 
6  dia.  xll 

P.  &  R.  Coal  &  Iron  Co. 
Public  Service  Ry. 
Puget  Sound  Wd.  P.   Co. 

Reeves  Co.,  The 

Republic  Creosoting  Co. 
San  Joaquin  L.  &  P.  Co. 

St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lbr.  Co. 
Southern  Pacific  Co. 

U.  S.  Govt.  Wood  Pres.  Plant 

Pottsville,  Pa. 
Newark,  N.  J. 
Lowell,  Wash. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Mobile,  Ala. 
Fresno,  Cal. 

Tacoma,   Wash. 
San   Francisco,    Cal. 

ECeokuk,  Iowa 

New  Philadelphia,  Pa.           1908       1 
Newark,   N.    J.                       1909       1 
Lowell,   Wash.                       1895       1 
(           1915       1 
New  Orleans,  La.      )           19101 

Mobile,  Ala.  1912  1 

Fresno,  Cal.  1910  2 
San  Miguel,  Cal.  1910  1 
Tacoma,  Wash.  1915  4 
West  Oakland,  Cal.  1911  1 

Keokuk,  Iowa  1908  1 

6  dia.  x32 
10x32x  2 
3x10x30 
3x  3x30 
4x  4x30 

3xlQxlO 

7x  9x  9 
7x  9x   9 
7x10x30 
4x  6x  8 

4x  3x42 

«         «           «          «          <« 

Milan.  111. 
Stillwater,  Minn. 
Fountain  City,  Wis. 

Milan,  111.  1908  1 
Stillwater,  Minn.  1908  1 
Fountain  City,  Wis.  1908  1 

4x  3x42 
4x  3x42 
4x  3x42 

CANADA. 


Lindsley  Bros. 

Spokane,   Wash. 

Naskup,  B.  C. 

1910 

' 

6  dia.  x!2 

(Corrected  to  Jan.  1,  1916.) 


CONSTITUTION  41 

AMERICAN  WOOD-PRESERVERS'  ASSOCIATION 
CONSTITUTION 

(Amended  1912,   1915,  1916) 

ARTICLE  I. 
Name  and   Objects. 

SECTION  1.  The  name  of  this  Association  shall  be  the  AMERICAN 
WOOD- PRESERVERS'  ASSOCIATION. 

SECTION  2.  The  objects  of  the  Association  shall  be  the  promotion 
of  knowledge  of  the  materials,  methods,  and  principles  involved  in  the 
economic  design,  location,  construction,  maintenance,  and  operation 
of  wood-preserving  works;  the  standardization  of  specifications  for 
wood  preservatives  and  for  their  introduction  into  the  material  to  be 
preserved;  and  the  maintenance  of  high  standards  of  business  ethics 
in  the  wood-preserving  industry. 

SECTION  3.  The  means  to  be  used  for  these  purposes  shall  be  meet- 
ings for  the  presentation  and  discussion  of  reports  of  the  experiences 
and  investigations  of  its  members  and  others,  for  the  interchange  of 
ideas,  and  for  social  intercourse ;  the  publication  of  desirable  informa- 
tion ;  and  co-operation  with  organizations  or  individuals  in  work  affect- 
ing wood-preserving. 

ARTICLE  II. 
Membership. 

SECTION  1.  The  Association  shall  consist  of  Corporate,  Associate, 
Probate,  and  Honorary  members. 

SECTION  2.  A  Corporate  Member  shall  be  an  executive,  an  admin- 
istrator, or  an  operative  in  a  wood-preserving  organization;  an  officer 
of  a  public-utility  corporation  using  treated  wood  whose  duties  cover 
the  purchasing,  inspecting,  treating,  or  distribution  of  such  material; 
a  chemist  or  an  engineer  in  the  employ  of  a  city,  county,  state,  nation, 
or  public-utility  corporation;  a  consulting  chemical,  civil,  electrical, 
forest,  or  mechanical  engineer;  or  a  professor  or  an  instructor  in  an 
institution  of  learning. 

SECTION  3.  An  Associate  Member  shall  be  any  person  or  association 
of  persons  interested  in  wood  preservation  or  in  the  sale  of  material 
or  equipment  used  in  the  wood-preserving  industry. 

SECTION  4.  A  Probate  Member  shall  be  an  employe  of  a  wood-pre- 
serving or  inspecting  organization  who  is  not  eligible  for  Corporate 
Membership. 

SECTION  5.  An  Honorary  Member  shall  be  a  person  of  acknowl- 
edged eminence  in  the  wood-preserving  industry  or  the  sciences  relat- 
ing thereto.  The  number  of  Honorary  Members  shall  not  exceed  five. 


42  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

SECTION  6.  Corporate  Members  shall  have  all  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  the  Association. 

SECTION  7.  Associate  Members  shall  have  all  the  rights  of  Corpo- 
rate Members,  except  those  of  voting  or  holding  office. 

SECTION  8.  Probate  Members  shall  have  all  the  rights  of  Corporate 
Members,  except  those  of  voting  or  holding  office,  for  five  years  from 
the  date  of  their  admission,  when  their  status  shall  be  determined  by 
the  Executive  Committee. 

SECTION  9.  Honorary  Members  shall  have  all  the  rights  of  Corpo- 
rate Members,  except  that  of  holding  office,  and  shall  be  exempt  from 
the  payment  of  dues. 

ARTICLE  III. 
Admissions  and  Expulsions. 

SECTION  1.  Applications  for  membership  and  resignations  from 
membership  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  Secretary-Treasurer,  the  for- 
mer on  a  form  prescribed  by  the  Executive  Committee  and  endorsed 
by  a  Corporate  or  an  Honorary  Member.  The  Secretary-Treasurer 
shall  forward  a  copy  of  each  application  for  membership  to  each  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee,  the  affirmative  votes  of  a  majority 
of  whom  shall  admit  the  candidate. 

SECTION  2.  Proposals  for  Honorary  Membership  shall  be  made  by 
at  least  ten  members,  none  of  whom  shall  be  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee.  The  nominee  shall  be  declared  an  Honorary  Mem- 
ber if  he  receives  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Executive  Committee  or 
the  votes  of  two-thirds  of  the  Corporate  and  Honorary  members. 

SECTION  3.  Any  member  of  the  Association  who  resigns  while  in 
good  standing  may  be  reinstated  without  paying  a  second  admission 
fee,  provided  his  application  is  approved  by  two-thirds  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

SECTION  4.  For  unbecoming  conduct  a  member  may  be  expelled  by 
the  votes  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  at  an  Annual  Meeting,  after 
the  member  has  been  served  with  written  particulars  as  to  his  offense 
by  the  Executive  Committee,  and  had  an  opportunity  to  be  heard  by  it 
or  by  the  members  at  an  Annual  Meeting. 

SECTION  5.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  accept  the  resignation, 
tendered  in  writing,  of  any  member  whose  dues  are  paid. 

ARTICLE  IV. 
Dues. 

SECTION  1.  On  admission  to  the  Association,  members  shall  pay 
fees  as  follows:  Corporate  Members,  $10.00;  Associate  Members, 
$15.00;  Probate  Members,  $5.00,  which  shall  include  their  first  dues. 


A.  W.-P.  A  CONSTITUTION  43 

SECTION  2.  The  annual  dues,  payable  during  the  first  two  months  of 
the  calendar  year,  shall  be  as  follows :  Corporate  Members,  $10.00 ;  As- 
sociate Members,  $10-00;  Probate  Members,  $5.00. 

SECTION  3.  Members  admitted  after  March  31  shall  be  exempt  from 
the  payment  of  dues  until  the  following  January  1,  unless  they  desire  to 
vote  or  to  receive  the  current  publications  of  the  Association,  in  which 
case  they  shall  pay  one-half  of  the  annual  dues. 

SECTION  4.  Any  member  whose  dues  are  unpaid  on  April  1  shall  not 
receive  the  publications  of  the  Association,  and  if  his  dues  are  not  paid 
by  December  31,  his  membership  shall  be  canceled,  except  as  provided 
for  in  Section  5  of  this  Article. 

SECTION  5.  The  Executive  Committee  may  extend  the  time  for  pay- 
ing or  remit  the  dues  of  any  Corporate  or  Probate  members  who  are 
unable  to  pay  them. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Officers. 

SECTION  1.  The  officers  of  the  Association  shall  be  Corporate  Mem- 
bers and  shall  consist  of  a  President,  a  First  Vice-President,  a  Second 
Vice-President,  a  Secretary-Treasurer,  and  six  Members  of  Executive 
Committee,  who,  together  with  the  last  Past-President  who  is  a  Corpor- 
ate Member,  shall  constitute  the  Executive  Committee  in  which  respon- 
sibility for  the  government  of  the  Association  shall  be  vested.  The 
President  shall  be  chosen  from  the  nine  eligible  members  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

SECTION  2.  No  two  or  more  officers  in  any  year  shall  be  members  of 
the  same  business  organization. 

SECTION  3.  The  President,  the  First  Vice-President,  the  Second  Vice- 
President,  the  Secretary-Treasurer,  and  two  Members  of  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  elected  at  each  Annual  Meeting. 

SECTION  4.  The  terms  of  the  President,  Vice-Presidents,  and  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer shall  begin  at  the  close  of  the  Annual  Meeting  at  which 
they  are  elected  and  continue  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
have  qualified.  The  six  Members  of  Executive  Committee  shall  serve 
three  years,  two  being  elected  each  year. 

SECTION  5.  A  vacancy  in  the  office  of  President  shall  be  filled  by  the 
Vice-Presidents  in  order. 

SECTION  6.  A  vacancy  in  any  office  other  than  that  of  President  shall 
be  filled  by  an  appointee  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

SECTION  7.  The  President  shall  not  be  eligible  for  re-election  to  that 
office  until  three  others  have  filled  it.  A  Vice-President  shall  not  be 
eligible  for  re-election  to  the  same  office  until  one  other  has  filled  it. 


44  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Nomination  and  Election  of  Officers. 

SECTION  1.  At  each  Annual  Meeting  six  Corporate  Members  who  are 
not  officers  shall  be  elected,  together  with  the  three  last  Past-Presidents 
who  are  Corporate  Members,  to  serve  one  year  as  a  Nominating  Com- 
mittee, of  which  the  senior  Past-President  shall  be  chairman. 

SECTION  2.  The  Nominating  Committee  shall  nominate  one  eligible 
member  for  each  office  and  for  each  membership  in  the  Nominating 
Committee  and  shall  send  its  list  of  nominees  to  the  Secretary-Treas- 
urer before  October  15.  Any  vacancies  that  may  occur  in  the  list  of 
nominees  before  it  is  sent  to  the  members  shall  be  filled  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

SECTION  3.  The  voting  shall  not  be  restricted  to  the  names  presented 
by  the  Nominating  Committee.  Any  member  may  file  with  the  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer before  November  1  the  name  of  a  candidate  for  any 
office. 

SECTION  4.  The  ballot,  with  envelopes  for  secret  voting,  shall  be  sent 
to  each  member  before  December  1.  It  must  contain  the  names  of  all 
nominees  for  each  office,  arranged  alphabetically  where  there  is  more 
than  one  name  for  any  office,  with  the  nominees  of  the  Nominating 
Committee  plainly  indicated. 

SECTION  5.  Members  may  scratch  or  substitute  the  name  of  any 
nominee  for  any  office. 

SECTION  6.  Ballots  shall  be  sealed  and  sent  or  delivered  to  the  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer before  the  polls  close,  prior  to  which  time  a  voter  may 
withdraw  or  replace  his  ballot. 

SECTION  7.  The  polls  shall  be  closed  at  noon  on  the  first  day  of  the 
Annual  Meeting,  and  the  ballots  shall  be  counted  by  one  Corporate  and 
four  Associate  or  Probate  Members,  appointed  tellers  by  the  presiding 
officer  at  the  Annual  Meeting. 

SECTION  8.  The  persons  who  receive  the  highest  number  of  votes  for 
the  offices  for  which  they  are  candidates  shall  be  declared  elected.  In 
case  of  a  tie  between  candidates  for  the  same  office,  the  members  pres- 
ent at  the  Annual  Meeting  shall  elect  the  officer  from  the  candidates  so 
tied.  The  presiding  officer  shall  announce  to  the  meeting  the  names  of 
the  officers  elected. 

ARTICLE  VII. 
Management. 

SECTION  1.  The  President  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Association,  shall  preside  at  its  meetings  and  those  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  and  shall  be  a  member  ex-officio  of  every  com- 
mittee except  the  Nominating  Committee. 


A.  W.-P.  A  CONSTITUTION  45 

SECTION  2.  The  Vice-Presidents,  in  order  of  seniority,  shall  preside 
at  meetings  in  the  absence  of  the  President,  and  discharge  his  duties  in 
case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  office. 

SECTION  3.  The  Secretary-Treasurer,  under  the  direction  of  the 
President  and  the  Executive  Committee,  shall  be  the  executive  officer  of 
the  Association.  He  shall  conduct  the  correspondence  of  the  Associa- 
tion; record  the  proceedings  of  all  meetings;  collect  and  deposit  all 
moneys  due  the  Association;  verify  all  bills  and  pay  them  when  ap- 
proved by  the  President  or  Executive  Committee;  make  at  each  An- 
nual Meeting  a  report  of  the  accounts  and  membership  of  the  Associa- 
tion ;  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the 
Executive  Committee. 

SECTION  4.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  manage  the  affairs  of  the 
Association,  and  shall  have  full  power  to  control  and  regulate  all  mat- 
ters not  provided  for  in  the  Constitution.  It  shall  act  on  applications 
for  membership;  make  appropriations  for  specific  purposes;  direct  the 
care  of  the  surplus  funds  of  the  Association ;  and  audit  the  accounts  of 
the  Secretary-Treasurer. 

SECTION  5.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  publish  the  activities  of 
the  Association  in  a  book  to  be  known  as  the  Annual  Proceedings ;  but, 
subject  to  the  action  of  the  Association,  it  may  withhold,  in  whole  or  in 
part,  discussions,  papers,  or  reports,  the  propriety  or  soundness  of  which 
it  considers  questionable. 

SECTION  6.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  printed  a  Manual 
of  Recommended  Practice,  in  which  shall  be  published  the  specifica- 
tions and  standards  approved  by  the  Association  in  accordance  with 
Article  X. 

SECTION  7.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  such  times  and 
places  as  the  President  may  direct,  or  five  members  may  request  in 
writing.  Six  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 


ARTICLE  VIII. 

Meetings. 

SECTION  1.  An  Annual  Meeting,  at  which  the  officers  shall  be  elected 
and  all  annual  reports  read,  shall  be  held  on  the  fourth  Tuesday  in  Jan- 
uary of  each  year,  at  ten  o'clock  A.  M.,  at  such  place  as  the  Association 
at  the  previous  meeting  may  designate. 

SECTION  2.  Whenever  the  President  may  deem  it  necessary,  or  upon 
the  written  application  of  fifteen  Corporate  Members,  he  shall  direct 
the  Secretary-Treasurer  to  call  a  special  meeting.  The  call  for  such  a 
meeting  shall  state  the  time,  place,  and  purpose  of  the  meeting,  and 
shall  be  mailed  not  less  than  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date  of  the  pro- 
posed meeting. 


46  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

SECTION  3.  Twenty  Corporate  Members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  at 
any  meeting  of  the  Association. 

SECTION  4.  The  order  of  business  at  the  meetings  of  the  Association 
shall  be  arranged  by  the  Executive  Committee,  subject  to  addition  or 
change  by  the  votes  of  the  majority  of  the  members  present. 

ARTICLE  IX. 
Amendments. 

SECTION  1.  Proposed  amendments  to  this  Constitution  must  be  of- 
fered in  writing,  signed  by  at  least  five  Corporate  Members,  and  for- 
warded to  the  Secretary-Treasurer  not  less  than  thirty  days  prior  to  the 
Annual  Meeting.  They  shall  be  published  with  the  notices  for  the  meet- 
ing. 

SECTION  2.  Proposed  amendments  shall  be  in  order  for  discussion  at 
the  Annual  Meeting,  and  may  be  amended  and  adopted  if  two-thirds 
of  the  votes  of  the  Corporate  and  Honorary  members  present  and 
voting  are  affirmative. 

ARTICLE  X. 
Adoption  of  Standards. 

SECTION  1.  Any  proposals  for  the  approval  or  recommendation  by 
the  Association,  of  definitions,  methods,  nomenclature,  specifications, 
standard  construction,  or  standard  practice,  or  aimed  at  defining  formal- 
ly the  position  of  the  Association  on  any  matter  of  importance,  shall  be 
presented  in  writing,  with  drawings  if  necessary,  at  an  Annual  Meeting. 
At  this  meeting  amendments  may  be  made  by  a  majority  of  the  Cor- 
porate and  Honorary  members  present  and  voting.  Proposed  standards 
shall  be  referred  to  letter  ballot  of  the  Association  if  two-thirds  of  the 
Corporate  and  Honorary  members  at  an  Annual  Meeting  vote  affirm- 
atively. The  affirmative  votes  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  Corporate  and 
Honorary  members  shall  be  required  for  the  adoption  of  any  standard. 


OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEES  47 

AMERICAN  WOOD-PRESERVERS'  ASSOCIATION 
OFFICERS    AND    COMMITTEES 

OFFICERS  FOR  1916. 

Carl    G.    Crawford  ...................................................  President 

John   Foley  ................................................  First  Vice-President 

M.   K.    Trumbull  .........................................  Second  Vice-President 

F.  J.  Angier  ...............  Secretary-Treasurer,  Mt.  Royal  Station,  Baltimore,  Md. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 
Carl   G.   Crawford,   Chairman 
Davidson,  G. 
Foley,  John  Rex,   Geo.    E. 


Trumbull,  M.  K.  Card,  J.  B.  1 

Joyce,   A.   R.      )     «  ,  v  Hendricks,  V.  K.    V     Term,  1  Year 

Pooler,    F.    S.     }    Term'  3  Years  Waterman,  J.  H.    j 

STANDING  COMMITTEES  FOR  1916. 
No.  1  —  Preservatives. 

E.  B.  Fulks,  Chairman 

Acree,    S.    F.  Fulweiler,  W.   H.  Steinmayer,  O.  C. 

Church,  S.  R.  Kammerer,  A,   L.  Taylor,  C.  M. 

Forrest,   C.   N.  Larkin,  A.    E. 

No.  2  —  Specifications  for  the  Purchase  and  Preservation  of  Treatable 

Timber 

A.  R.  Joyce,  Chairman 

Card,  J.  B.  Martin,  F.  R.  Smith,  Lowry 

Goss,   O   P.   M.  Rex,   Geo.   E.  Sterling,   E.  A. 

Winslow,   C.   P. 

No.  3—  Wood  Block  Paving. 

C.  H.  Teesdale,  Chairman 

Buehler,   Walter  Hamilton,   F.    P.  Newton,  H.  M. 

Cherrington,    F.   W.  Loud,  H.  S. 

No.  4—  Plant  Operation. 

A.    L.    Kuehn,    Chairman 

Hunt,    Geo.    M.  Lockett,  A.  M.  Meyer,  August 

Lane,   C.   W.  McArdle,  Frank 

No.  5  —  Service  Tests  of  Ties  and  Structural  Timber. 

C.  P.  Winslow,  Chairman 

Bowser,  E.  H.  Cosline,   C.   E.  Rollins,   H.   M. 

Ford,  C.  F.  Mattos,  F.  D.  von   Schrenk,   Hermann 

No.  6—  Service  Tests  of  Wood  Block  Paving. 

L.  B.    Moses,    Chairman 

Calder,  R.  J.  Button,  F.  R.  Williams,  J.  C. 

Dow,   Allan   W.  Manley,  R.  S.  Winslow,   Geoffrey 

Draper,   E.    G.  Smith,  Phil  R. 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEES  FOR  1916. 
Publicity,  Promotion  and  Education. 

E.  A.  Sterling,  Chairman 

Bates,  John  S.  Howson,  E.  T.  Schnatterbeck,  C.  C. 

Brown,  Nelson  C.  Record,  Samuel  J.  Swan,  O.  T. 

Hamilton,  F.  P.  Ridsdale,  P.    S. 

Terminology. 
J.  B.  Card,  Chairman 

Howson,  E.  T.  Hunt,  Geo.  M.  Shipley,   G.   B. 

Trumbull,  M.  K. 

Program. 

John  Foley,  Chairman 

Davidson,  G.  M.  Hendricks,  V.  K.  Joyce,  A.  R. 

Trumbull,  M.  K. 

Entertainment. 
Jesse  I.  Eppinger,  Chairman 

Draper,  E.  G.  Loud,  H.   S.  Williams,  J.  C. 

Lembcke,  G.  A.  Shipley,  L.   B. 


48  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

AMERICAN  WOOD-PRESERVERS'  ASSOCIATION 

MEMBERS 

c-Corporate.      a-Associate.      p-Probate.      h-Honorary. 
Figures  indicate  sejial  number  of  Membership  Certificates. 

324  c     AGREE,    S.   F In    Charge    Section    of    Derived    Products,    Forest    Product 

Laboratory,   Madison   Wis. 
183  c     ALEXANDER,    E.    E General    Foreman,   Timber   Preserving   Plant,    Baltimore   and 

Ohio  R.  R.  Co.,  Green  Spring,  W.  Va. 
29  c     ALLARDYCE,  R.  L Supt.,  International  Creosoting  &  Construction   Co., 

Texarkana,   Tex. 

21  c  ALLERTON,  DAVID Cariotta,  cai. 

1  c     ANGIER,   F.   J Supt.  of  Timber  Preservation,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R.  Co., 

Baltimore,   Md. 
274  c     APPEL,  HARRIS  A Engineer,  Bruno  Grosche  &  Co.,  90  Wall  Street,  N.  Y. 

2  c     ARMSTRONG,  R.  L 636  Burdette  St.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

105  c  BACON,  W.   L Supt.  Tie  Treating  Plant,  C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.,  Escanaba,  Mich. 

225  c  BAKER,   HUGH   P Dean,  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

3h  BAKER,   J.    S Box  22,  Paducah,  Ky. 

167  c  BATEMAN,    ERNEST Chemist,  Forest  Products  Laboratory,  Madison,  Wis. 

246  c  BATES,  JOHN  S Supt.,  Forest  Products  Laboratories,  McGill  University, 

Montreal,  Canada. 

88  c  BATSON,  C.  D Manager,  Republic  Creosoting  Co.,  Mobile,  Ala. 

4  c  BEAL,   F.    D Sales  Engineer,   Chas.   R.  McCormick  &  Co.,  800  Fife  Bldg., 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

255  c     BEATY,  R.  ERNEST Expert  on  Wood  Preservation',  30  Church  St.,  New  York. 

198  c     BECKER,  A.  C Chief  Tie  &  Timber  Inspector,  Grand  Trunk  Ry.,  Montreal, 

Canada. 

295  a     BELANGER,    ERNEST. ..  .Consulting   Engineer,    Elder   Ebano   Asphalt   Co., 

364  University  St.,  Montreal,  Canada. 

145  c     BELCHER,  R.   S Supt.   Treating  Plant,   Santa  Fe  Tie  &  Lumber  Pres.   Co., 

Somerville,  Tex. 

144  c     BERK,  P.  F Chemical  Mfr.,   F.   W.   Berk  &  Co.,  Ltd.,   1   Fenchurch  Ave. 

London,  England. 

5  h     BERRY,    C.    W Consulting    Engineer,    care    of    J.    B.    Berry,    Transportation 

Bldg.,   Chicago,  111. 

300  c     BLACK,   JAMES   M Paving   Block   Expert,   203    Pasadena   Apts.,   Jefferson   &   Du 

Bois  Sts.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

22  c     BOEHNE,  E.   E Office  Manager,  International  Creosoting  &  Construction  Co., 

Galveston,   Tex. 

258  c     BOOK,  J.  E Treating    Engineer,    Pacific    Creosoting   Co.,    Creosote,    Wash. 

244  c     BOWSER,  E.  H Supt.   of  Timber  Department,  I.   C.  R.   R.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

267  a    BOYD,  J.  L Chief    Engineer    Creosoted    Block    Paving    Co.,    Royal    Bank 

Bldg.,  Toronto,   Canada. 
280  p    BRENNAN,  T.  S Lumber    Inspector,   A.,    T.    &    S.    F.    Ry.,    Box    503,    Ballard 

Station,  Seattle,  Wash. 

301  c     BRIGHT,  EDGAR  W Tie  &  Timber  Agent,  Boston  Elevated  Rwy.  Co.,  101  Milk  St., 

Boston,  Mass. 

340  c     BROWN,  F.  I Lumber  Agent,  Pennsylvania  Lines  West,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

230  c     BROWN,   NELSON   C Professor  of  Forest  Utilization,  New  York   State   College  of 

Forestry,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
122  c     BRUNING,    HEINRICH.  ..(Robert  A.   Munro   &  Co.,   31   Liberty  St.,   New  York  City) 

Hubertusmuhle,    Schopfurth,    Mark,    Germany. 

23  c     BUEHLER,  WALTER Consulting  Engineer  on  Wood  Preservation,  The  Barrett  Co., 

10  S.  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

24  c     BURKHALTER,   D American  Creosoting  Co.,  Box   77,  Russell,  Ky. 

338  c     BURY,   RICHARD  A Asst.   Gen.   Tie  Agent,   New  York  Central  Lines,   76   Seward 

Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

83  a     CABOT,    SAMUEL Mfg.  Chemist,  141  Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

30  c     CALDER,  R.  J Secy.-Treas.,    International    Creosoting    &    Construction    Co., 

Galveston,   Tex. 


A.  W.-P.  A.  MEMBERS  49 

190  c     CAMPBELL,  J.  H Chief  Chemist,  R.  W.  Hunt  &  Co.,  2200  Insurance  Exchange, 

Chicago,    111. 

43  c     CARD,  J.   B...  ..Manager,    Chicago   Creosoting  Co.,   30   N.   LaSalle   St., 

Chicago,    111. 

276  c     CECIL,  WM.   A '.Wood-Preserving    Engineer,    Indiana    Tie    Co.,     Citizens 

National   Bank  Building,   Evansville,  Ind. 

257  c     CHADBOURNE,   B Asst.    Supt.,   Pacific   Creosoting  Co.,   Creosote,  Wash. 

302  c     CHAPIN,  E.  T Prest,  The  E.  T.  Chapin  Co.,  2008  Railway  Exchange  Bldg., 

St.    Louis,    Mo. 

69  c     CHERRINGTON,  F.  W.... Chief  Engr.,  Jennison-Wright  Co.,  313  Huron  St.,  Toledo.  0. 
19  c     CHRISTIAN,  EDMUND. .  .Gen.  Mgr.,  Norfolk  Creosoting  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
57  a     CHURCH,  SUMNER  R. ..  .Manager,  Research  Dept.,  The  Barrett  Co.,  17  Battery  Place, 

New   York. 

165  c     CLARKE,   G.    S Vice-Prest.    &    Gen.    Mgr.,    The    Reeves    Co.,    809    Whitney- 
Central  Bldg.,  New  Orleans,   La. 

184  c     CLARK,  W.   DENNISON.  .Vice-Prest.  &  Gen.  Mgr.,  Columbia  Creosoting  Co.,  810  Lewis 

Bldg.,    Portland,   Ore. 

318  c     CLEMENTS,  A.  B Vice-Prest,  United  States  Wood  Preserving  Co., 

165   Broadway,  New  York. 

319  p     CLEMENTS,   CYRIL  M..  Sales  Engineer,  The  Barrett  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

174  c     CLIFTON,  W.  H Lumber  Agent,  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

249  c     COBEAN,  CHAS.   E Supt.,  Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,  Creosote,  Wash. 

188  a     COCKE,  W.   H Prest.,  Commercial  Acid  Co.,  3943  Duncan  Ave., 

St.    Louis,    Mo. 

157  c     COLLIER,  H.  L Chief  of  Construction,  City  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

218  c     COLLIVER,  S.  R Treatment  Inspector,  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.,  Topeka,  Kan. 

67  c     COLMAN,    GEO.    A The  J.  M.  Colman  Co.,  Colman  Bldg.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

221  c     COOPER,    S.    D Chief  Inspector,  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.,  Topeka,  Kan. 

31  c     CRAWFORD,  CARL  G Gen.    Mgr.,   American    Creosoting    Co.,    808    Columbia   Bldg., 

Louisville,  Ky. 

80  c     CURTIS,    W.    W Prest.    &    Treas.,    The    Rapson    Coal    Mining    Co.,    Box   485, 

Colorado    Springs,    Colo. 

25  c     DAVIDSON,   G.   M..        ...Chemist   &   Engineer  of  Tests,    C.    &   N.   W.   Ry.   Co., 

Chicago,  111. 

143  c     DA  VIES,  E.  T Inspector,  City  Engineer's  Office,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

84  c     DE  CEW,  J.  A -...Chemical  Engineer,  McGill  Bldg.,  Montreal,  Canada. 

272  c     DELIUS,  E.  A Bookkeeper,   Pacific   Creosoting  Co.,   Seattle,  Wash. 

204  c     DEMUTH,    R.    E ....Testing  Engineer,  22  Hayward  Ave.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

223  c     DIXON,   G.   C Tie  Treating  Inspector,  N.  Y.   C.  Lines,  Box  763, 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 
64  c     DIXON,  J.   H Forestry    Branch,    Dept.    Natural    Resources,    Canadian    Pac. 

Ry.,  Calgary,  Alberta,   Canada. 

119  c     DOUGHERTY,  CURTIS. .  .Chief   Engineer,   Queen   &   Crescent  .R.   R.,   Cincinnati,   O. 
303  c     DOVEY,  J.   THOMAS Prest.,   The    Seattle   Engineering   Co.,   724    Central   Building, 

Seattle,  Wash. 

290  c     DOW,    ALLAN    W Consulting  Engineer,  Dow  &  Smith,  131  E.  23rd  St.,  N.  Y. 

121  c     DRAPER,   E.    G Prest.,  American   Creosoting  Co.  of  N.  J.,  17  Battery  Place, 

New   York. 
166  a    DREFAHL,  LOUIS   C Chemist,  Grasselli  Chemical  Co.,  880  The  Arcade,  Cleveland, 

Ohio. 

93  c     DRINKER,    W.    W Asst.  Engineer,  Erie  R.  R.  Co.,  50  Church  St.,  New  York. 

178  c     DUNSTAN,  J.   H Supt.,    Southern    Creosoting   Co.,    Slidell,   La. 

211  c     DURHAM,  J.  H Vice-Prest.,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

322  c     DUTTON,  ELLIS  R Asst.  City  Engr.,  City  Hall,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

202  a    EASTWICK,  CHAS.  H Prest.,  The  Northeastern  Co.,  6  Beacon  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

297  a    ELLIOTT,  J.   A Tie  &  Timber  Contractor,  1609  Mound  Ave.,  Jacksonville,  111. 

275  c     EMERSON,  HARRINGTONPrest.,  The  Emerson  Co.,  30  Church  St.,  New  York. 

76  c     EPPINGER,  JESSE   I Gen.  Mgr.,  Eppinger  &  Russell  Co.,  165  Broadway,  New  York. 

163  c     ERICSON,    L.    T Engineer,  American  Creosoting  Co.  of  N.  J.,  17  Battery  Place, 

New   York. 

158  c     FANT,   A.    E Gen.  Mgr.,  Gulfport  Creosoting  Co.,  Gulfport,  Miss. 


5j  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

9  h     FAULKNER,   E.   O Mgr.,   Tie   &  Timber   Dept.,  A.,  T.   &   S.   F.   Ry.,   Kerckhoff 

Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

159  a    FENN,  FRANK  D Mgr.,  Railroad  Sales  Dept.,  The  Crane  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

239  c     FERGUSSON,    HUBERT.. Gen.  Mgr.,  Burt,  Boulton  &  Haywood,  Ltd.,  Prince  Regent's 

Wharf,  Silverton,  Victoria  Docks,  London,  England. 

237  c     FINKE,  W.   F.   H Tie  &  Timber  Agent,  Southern  Ry.  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

62  c     FISHER,  WM.  A Lembcke,  von  Bernuth  Co.,  171  Madison  Ave.,  New  York. 

308  a    FOERSTERLING,  DR.  H..Vice-Prest.,   Roessler   &   Hasslacher   Chemical   Co., 

380  High  St.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 

77  c     FOLEY,   JOHN Forester,  P.  R.  R.  Co.,  Broad  St.  Station,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

106  c     FORD,  C.  F Supt.  Tie  and  Timber  Dept.,  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R., 

325  LaSalle    St.   Sta.,  Chicago,  111. 

296  c     FORREST,  CHAS.  N Chief   Chemist,   Barber  Asphalt   Paving  Co.,  Maurer,  N.  J. 

313  c     FOWLER,  J.  W Asst.    Efficiency   Engineer,   Baltimore   &   Ohio   R.   R.   Co., 

Baltimore,  Md. 
117  c     FREY,  GEO.  W Secy.-Treas.    &   Mgr.,   Compressed   Wood    Preserving   Co., 

4600    Spring   Grove   Ave.,   Cincinnati,   O. 

333  c     FRISTOE,   J.    W Prest.,  T.  J.  Moss  Tie  Co.,  Security  Bldg.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

38  c     FULKS,  E.   B Vice-Prest.,  American  Tar  Products  Co.,  208   S.  LaSalle  St., 

Chicago,  111. 

160  a    FULWEILER,  W.  H Chemist,   United   Gas   Improvement   Co.,   1706   N.   Broad   St., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

306  a    FURLONG,  I,.  A Vice-Prest.,  The  Valentine-Clark  Co.,  Security  Bldg., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

44  a    GERHARD,  H.   H Prest.,  C-A  Wood-Preserver  Co.,  807  Wright  Bldg., 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

39  c     GIBSON,  ANDREW Engineer  Maintenance  of  Way,  No.  Pac.  Ry.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

161  a    GIBSON,   LOUIS    S Secy.,  Sandoval  Zinc  Co.,  410  N.  Peoria  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

180  a    GIBSON,    W.    C Sales  Engineer,  Allis-Chalmers  Mfg.   Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

316  p    GOLDSTEIN,  H.  I Highway    Inspector,    Bureau    of    Highways,    Dept.    of    Public 

Works,  4200  Woodland  Ave.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

56  c     GOLTRA,  W.  F Prest.,  W.  F.  Goltra  Tie  Co.,  Rockefeller  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

288  c     GOSLINE,  C.  E Treating  Inspector,  D.,  L.  &  W.  R.  R.  Co.,  Paterson,  N.  J. 

277  c     GOSS,  O.  P.  M Consulting  Timber  Engineer,  Seattle,  Wash. 

243  c     GRADY,  W.  H.. Asst.  Gen.  Supt.,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

100  c     GRAHAM,  FLOYD  N Timber  Inspector,  C.  G.  W.  R.  R.  Chicago,  111. 

170  c     GREEN,  DONALD  W Secy.,  Columbia  Creosoting  Co.,  809  Lewis  Bldg.,  Portland, 

Ore. 
232  c     GRIFFIN,  RUSSELL  A... Mgr.   Pole  Dept.,   Western   Electric   Co.,   463   West   St.. 

New  York. 

334  c     GRIGGS,    E.    G Prest.,  St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lumber  Co.,  Tacoma,  Wash. 

321  c     GRIMES,   I.    B Plant  Supt.,  National  Lumber  &  Creosoting  Co.,  Houston,  Tex. 

72  a    GROW,  J.   H Sales  Engineer,  Allis-Chalmers  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

231  c     HAGGANDER,   G.   A Asst.   Bridge  Engineer,   C.,  B.   &  Q.  R.   R.   Co.,  547  W. 

Jackson   Blvd.,   Chicago,   111. 

220  c     HALL,  CHAS.  S Supt.  of  Construction,  P.  O.  Box  137,  Brunswick,  Ga. 

195  c     HAMILTON,  F.  P Paving   Engineer,    Southern    Pine   Association,    601    Interstate 

Bank  Bldg.,  New  Orleans,  La. 
214  c     HAMNETT,  W.  S Vice-Prest.  &  Mgr.,  Pittsburgh  Testing  Laboratory  of  Texas, 

305  Praetorian  Bldg.,  Dallas,  Tex. 

213  c     HARDEN,  G.   S Supt.  Timber  Preserving  Plant,  B.,  R.  &  P.  Ry.,  Bradford,  Pa. 

187  c     HARRIS,   PAGE Vice-Prest.,  National  Lumber  &  Creosoting  Co.,  Houston,  Tex. 

123  a    HARTLEY,  C.  H Gen.  Mgr.,  Wisconsin  &  Northern  R.  R.  Co.,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 

82  c     HARTMAN,   E.   F Prest.,   Carbolineum  Wood  Preserving  Co.,   182  Franklin   St., 

New  York. 
53  a    HAWKES,  A.  W Sales   Manager,    General    Chemical   Co.,    112   W.   Adams   St., 

Chicago,   111. 

236  c     HELSON,  J.  R Supt.,   Watkins   Creosoting  Co.,   Metropolis,   111. 

103  c     HENDRICKS,  V.   K Asst.    Chief   Engineer,   St.    Louis   &   San    Francisco   Ry.    Co., 

Frisco    Bldg.,    St.   Louis,   Mo. 

335  c     HERMANN,   GEO.   E Mgr.,  Vancouver  Creosoting  Co.,  Standard  Bank  Bldg.,  Van- 

couver, British  Columbia. 


A.  W.-P.  A.  MEMBERS  51 

212  c     HERT,   A.   T Prest.,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

75  c     HESS,   LAWRENCE  E....Asst.   Supt.,   Republic  Creosoting   Co.,  Indianapolis,   Ind. 

294  c     HIGGINS,  CHAS.  C Care  of  J.  W.  Kendrick,  14  E.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111. 

320  c     HILL,  L.  L Secretary,  The  Page  &  Hill  Co.,  Plymouth,  Bldg.,  Minneapo- 
lis, Minn. 

179  c     HORROCKS,  H.  E Mgr.,  Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,   Seattle,  Wash. 

193  c     HOWSON,  E.  T..,  ..Engineering   Editor,   "Railway   Age    Gazette,"   Transportation 

Bldg.,   Chicago,  111. 

342  c     HOYT,   HERBERT   B .  Asst.   Supt.   Timber  Preserving  Plant,   B.   R.   &  P.   Rwy., 

Bradford,  Pa. 

265  c     HUNT,    GEO.   M Chemist,   Forest   Products   Laboratory,   Madison,  Wis. 

224  c     IKIN,  A.  T..,  ...Cost   Statement   Engineer,   Southern   Pac.   Co.,  Box  6, 

Kern,   Cal. 
299  p    IRVING,  A.   E Clerk,  Tie  Plant,  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  Co.,  Green  Spring, 

252  c     JACKSON,  W.  E Supt.,   Treating  Plant,   Santa   Fe  Tie   &  Lbr.   Pres.   Co., 

Albuquerque,   N.   M. 

124  c     JENNISON,  H.  G Prest.,   Jennison- Wright   Co.,   313   Huron   St.,  Toledo,   O. 

260  c    JOHNSON,  J.  A Foreman,  Tie  Preserving  Plant,  U.  P.  R.  R.   Co.,  Box  303, 

Laramie,  Wyo. 

136  a    JOHNSON,  J.  H B.  Johnson  &  Son,  Richmond,  Ind. 

66  c     JOYCE,  A.   R Joyce- Watkins  Co.,  332  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

147  c     JUDGE,   F.   B Supt.  Timber  Preservation,  C.  H.  &  N.  Ry.,  Hull,  Fla. 

205  c     KAMMERER,  A.  L Consulting  Engineer,  von  Schrenk  &  Kammerer,  Tower  Grove 

&   Fladd  Aves.,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

222  c     KEIG,  J.   R Treatment  Inspector,  A.,  T.  &  S.   F.  Ry.  Co.,  Topeka,  Kan. 

292  c     KELLOGG,  R.   S Secy.,  National  Lumber  Mfrs.  Assn.,  925  Lumber  Exchange, 

Chicago,   111. 
315  h    KENDRICK,   J.   W Consulting  Engineer,  14  E.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111. 

281  c     KENT,   A.    S Ch.  Engr.,  Monon  Route,  C.,  I.  &  L.  Ry.  Co.,  Transportation 

Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

201  c     KROEMER,  F.  W Chemist,  Santa  Fe  Tie  &  Lbr.  Pres.  Co.,  Somerville,  Tex. 

60  c     KUCKUCK,  BERTHOLD.  .Representing  Hulsberg  &  Co.,  1357  E.  48th  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

162  c     KUEHN,  A.   L Gen.  Supt.,  American  Tar  Products  Co.,  208  S.  LaSalle  St., 

Chicago,  111. 

266  c     KYNOCK,    WM Assistant  in  Wood  Preservation,  Forest  Products  Laboratories 

of  Canada,  McGill  University,  Montreal,   Can. 

20  c     LABROT,  S.  W Prest.,  American  Creosote  Works,  New  Orleans,  La. 

282  c     LA  GRONE,  J.  M Mgr.,  Louisiana  Creosoting  Co.,  Winnfield,  La. 

208  c     LANE,  CHAS.  E Supt.    Creosoting    Plant,    St.    Paul    &    Tacoma    Lumber    Co., 

Tacoma,   Wash. 

153  c     LANE,  C.  W Supervisor  Timber   Preserving  Plants,  Baltimore   &  Ohio   R 

R.   Co.,   Green   Spring,  W.   Va. 

229  a    LANGE,  ALBERT European    Manager,    Lembcke,    von    Bernuth    Co.,    4    Lloyds 

Ave.,   London,    E.    C.,   England. 

332  c     LANGE,  L.  H Secy.,  Northern  Timber  Products  Co.,  Security  Lumber  Bldg., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

59  c     LARKIN,  A.  E Mgr.,  Republic  Creosoting  Co.,  Plymouth  Bldg., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

317  a    LATTIMORE,  C.  H Prest.,  Creosoted  Block  Paving  Co.,  Royal  Bank  Bldg., 

Toronto,  Canada. 
96  c     LAWSON,  W.  W Supt.  Wood-Preserving  Works,  T.  &  N.  O.  Ry.  Co.,  Houston, 

328  a    LEE,  ROBERT  E Vice-Prest.,  Hobart  Lee  Tie  Co.,  Springfield,  Mo. 

40  a    LEMBCKE,  G.  A Lembcke,  von  Bernuth  Co.,  171  Madison  Ave.,  New  York. 

110  a    LEWIS,    F.    J Prest.,  F.  J.  Lewis  Mfg.  Co.,  2500  S.  Robey  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

118  a    LEWIS,   WM.   H Vice-Prest.,  F.  J.  Lewis  Mfg.   Co.,  2500   S.   Robey   St., 

Chicago,  111. 

148  c     LINDLEY,  S.  B Engineer,  Western   Wood-Preserving  Co.,   611   Peyton   Bldg., 

215  c     LINDSEY,  JOHN  B.,  JR... Supt.  timber   Treating  Plant,   L.   &   N.   R.   R.   Co.,   Gautier 

Miss. 
199  a    LOCKETT,  A.  M Prest.^A.  M.  Lockett  &  Co.,  533  Baronne  St.,  New  Orleans, 


52  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

12  c     LOGAN,  JOHN  T Prest.,   National  Lumber   &  Creosoting  Co.,  Texarkana,  Ark. 

242  c     LOOK,   RICHARD  V Prest.,  Canada  Creosoting  Co.,  Ltd.,  1  King  St.,  E.,  Toronto, 

Canada. 

112  c     LORD,  RUSSELL Ayer  &  Lord  Tie  Co.,  Railway  Exchange,  Chicago,  111. 

61  c     LOUD,  H.    S Vice- President,  Railway  Tie  Treating  Co.,  165  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

73  a    LOUNSBURY,  JAS.   A.. ..  Vice-Prest.,  Greenlee  Bros.  &  Co.,  Rockford,  111. 
151  a    LUND,   C.   A Mgr.,  C.  A.  Lund  Co.,  Merriam  Park  P.  O.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

196  c     MAITLAND,  G.  F Division  Engineer,  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  Co.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

41  c     MANLEY,    R.    S Prest.,  Creosoted  Wood  Block  Paving  Co.,  Queen  &  Crescent 

Bldg.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

p     MANION,   KERON Asst.  Supt.,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

263  c     MARRIOTT,  F.  G Engineer  of  Tests,  Department  of  Works,   Foot  of  Princess 

St.,   Toronto,    Can. 

336  a     MARTIN,  JAS.  R Vice-Prest.,  Western  Silo  Co.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

329  p     MARTIN,  LYMAN  C Clerk,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

250  c     MARTIN,  F.  R Treating  Inspector,  C.  &  E.  I.  R.  R.  Co.,  Box  856,  Marion,  111. 

137  c     MATTOS,  F.   D Supt.,  Creosoting  Works,  Southern  Pacific  Co.,  West  Oakland, 

Cal. 
52  c     McARDLE,    FRANK Supt.  Tie  Plant,  Indiana  Zinc  Creosoting  Co.,  Terre  Haute, 

Ind. 
279  c     McCANDLESS,   S.   F Mgr.    Tie    Dept.,    Canada    Creosoting    Co.,    1    King    St.    E., 

Toronto,   Can. 

113  c     MEREDITH,  W.  C Supt.,  Southern  Wood-Preserving  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

71  c     MEYER,  AUGUST Supervisor  Tie  Plant,  C,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  Co.,  Galesburg,  111. 

70  a    MILLS,    W.    C Salesman,  Grasselli  Chemical  Co.,  The  Arcade,  Cleveland,  O. 

185  c     MIMS,    L Fuel  &  Timber  Agent,  Southern  Pacific  Co.,  Houston,  Tex. 

32  a     MITCHELL,  L.  E Prest.,   Dallas,   Corsicana   &   Palestine   Ry.,    Palestine,   Tex. 

164  c     MOLL,  DR.  FRIEDRICH..4  Brandenburgische  St.,  Sudende,  Berlin,  Germany. 

254  c     MOORE,   ROBERT   H Chief  Engineer,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

114  c     MOSES,  L.  B Sales    Manager,    The    Kettle    River     Co.,     Plymouth    Bldg., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
309  c     MURCHIE,  WILFRED  E.  .Consulting  Inspector,  Shillito  &  Murchie,  Maritime  Exchange 

Bldg.,  New  York. 
240  c     MURRAY,    D.    L Gen.    Foreman,   Tie   Plant,    Santa   Fe   Tie   &   Lbr.    Pres.    Co., 

Somerville,  Tex. 
307  p     MYERLY,  J.  R Treating  Engr.   Timber  Preserving  Plant,   Baltimore  &  Ohio 

R.  R.  Co.,  Green  Spring,  W.  Va. 

50  c     NEWTON,  H.  M Manager   of  Plants,   The  Kettle  River  Co.,   Plymouth   Bldg., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
283  a    NIXON,  E.  A Vice-Prest.,  Western  Tie  &  Timber  Co.,  905  Syndicate  Trust 

Bldg.,   St.  Louis,  Mo. 
314  a    NIXON,   WARREN    C Secy.,  Western  Tie  &  Timber  Co.,  905  Syndicate  Trust  Bldg., 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

186  c     NOYES,  A.  H Secy.-Treas.,  Ayer  &  Lord  Tie  Co.,   1515   Railway  Exchange, 

Chicago,   111. 

146  c     NOYES,   GEO.  W Supt.,  Timber  Treating  Plant,  M.,  K.   &  T.  Lines,  Denison, 

Tex. 

33  a     OKES,  DAY Contractor  &  Engineer,  Hanlon  &  Okes,  319  Lumber 

Exchange,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

337  c     ORUMM,   EDMUND   O Chief    Inspector,     Seattle    Port    Commission,    Avalon    Apart- 

ments, Seattle,  Wash. 

273  c     PADDOCK,   £DW.   F..,  ,..Chem.  Engr.,  Carbolineum  Wood  Pres.  Co.,  182  Franklin  St., 

New  York. 
253  c     PARK,    ERNEST    S Sales  Engineer,  The  Rodd  Co.,  1402  Commonwealth  Bldg., 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
26  c     PARMINTER,  L.  I Sales    Agent,    Long   Bell   Lumber    Co.,    Long   Bldg.,    Kansas 

City,    Mo. 
268  c     PARROTT.  R.  D..,  ..Prest.  &  Gen.  Mgr.,  Atlantic  Creosoting  &  Wood  Preserving 

Works,  Norfolk,  Va. 

271  c     PAUL,  H.  A Treating  Inspr.,  C,  R.  I.  &  P.  and  M.  P.  Ry.,  Tie  Plant,  Ark. 

343  c     PEARSON,  R.  S..  ..Forest    Economist,   Forest    Research    Institute,    Dehra    Dun, 

U.  P.  India. 


A.  W.-P.  A.  MEMBERS  53 

227  c     PERRY,  ARTHUR  W Night   Gen.    Foreman,    Santa   Fe   Tie   &  Lbr.   Pres.    Co., 

Somerville,   Tex. 

191  c     PESTEL,  A.  C Supt.  Tie  Treating  Plant,  O.,  W.  R.  R.  &  N.  Co.,  Wyeth,  Ore. 

217  c     PINSON,    J.    F..,  .  .Asst.    Engineer    Bridge    &    Buildings,    C.    M.    &    St.    P.    Ry., 

Seattle,  Wash. 

142  c     POLLOCK,  SAMUEL  T...Asst.  Supt.  Tie  Plant,  Atlantic  Coast  Line,  Gainesville,  Fla. 
115  c     POOLER,  F.  S Tie   Agent,    C.    M.    &    St.    P.    Ry.,    13S2    Railway    Exchange, 

Chicago,    111. 

182  c     POWELL,  A.  O.,  JR Chemical   Engineer,  404  Central  Bldg.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

91  c     POWELL,  E.  L Prest.,   New   Orleans-Cuban   Steamship   Co.,   802   Canal   Bank 

Bldg.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

284  c     QUINCY,  R.  B Representing    R.    W.    Hunt    &    Co.,    1022    Hibernian    Bldg., 

New  Orleans,  La. 

261  c     RAWSON,    R.    H Supt.  of  Plant,   St.   Helens  Creosoting  Co.,  St.  Helens,  Ore. 

331  c     RAY,  JOHN  R Inspector   in   Charge   Gulf   States   Lumber   Inspection,   Public 

Service   Commission    of  N.    Y.,   New   Orleans,   La. 

155  c     RECORD,   S.  J Asst.    Prof.,    Forest    School,    Yale    University,    New    Haven, 

Conn. 

226  c     REDMAN,  KENNETH Chemist,   Pacific   Creosoting  Co.,   Creosote,  Wash. 

325  a    REID,  JOS.  S Secy.  &  Treas.,  Clark  Bros.  Co.,  Olean,  N.  Y. 

54  c     REX,  GEORGE  E Manager   Treating   Plants,  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  Ry.,  Topeka,    Kan. 

228  a     RIDSDALE,    P.    S Secy.,    American    Forestry    Ass'n,    1410    H    St.,    N.    W., 

Washington,  D.   C. 

131  c     ROBERTS,   G.    G 1  Clarges  St.,  Piccadilly  W.,  London,  England. 

278  p     ROBINSON,    DONALD Student  in   Chemistry,  6538  Norman   Blvd.,   Chicago,   111. 

133  c     RODD,  THOS.,  JR 1402  Commonwealth  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

264  c     ROE,  GEORGE  J Asst.    Treating    Engineer,    Pacific    Creosoting    Co.,    Creosote, 

Wash. 

14  c     ROLLINS,  H.   M Supt.,  Gulfport   Creosoting  Co.,   Gulfport,  Miss. 

311  c     ROTH,  E.  J..  ..Purchasing    Agent,    C.    I.    &    L.    Ry.,    608    S.    Dearborn    St., 

Chicago,   111. 

310  c     ROWLAND,  J.  W General    Tie    Inspector,    Baltimore    &   Ohio    R.    R.    Co., 

Baltimore,   Md. 

241  a    RUEPING,  MAX Owner,   Hulsberg  &  Co.,  Lessingstra,   Berlin,  Germany. 

90  c     RUFLI,  H.  M Supt.,   Republic   Creosoting  Co.,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 

78  c     RYAN,  W.  J Supt.,    National   Lumber    &    Creosoting   Co.,   Texarkana,   Ark. 

286  c     SACKETT,  H.    S Nat'l  Lbr.  Mfr's  Assoc.,  925  Lumber  Exchange,  Chicago,  111. 

330  c  SAPOJNIKOFF,  SERGE.  ..Engineer-Chemist,  Principal  Asst.  to  Chief  of  Wood-Preserv- 
ing Laboratory  of  Russian  Ministry  of  Railways,  Petro- 
grad,  Russia. 

63  c     SCHILLING,    FRANK Supt.,  Eppinger  &  Russell  Co.,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y. 

126  a     SCHMOOK,   KARL Representing    Guido    Rutgers    Kammandit    Co.,    20    Liechten- 

steinstrasse,   Vienna,  Austria. 
206  c     SCHNATTERBECK,    C.    C.  Editor,  "Wood-Preserving,"  Mt.  Royal  Station,  Baltimore,  Md. 

101  c     SCHOLTZ,   A.    C Supt.,  T.   J.   Moss  Tie  Co.,  Mt.   Vernon,  111. 

189  c     SCHOMBURG.-T.  A Prest.,  Continental  Tie  &  Lumber  Co.,  Denver,  Colo. 

85  c     SCHULZ,    HARRY Supt.  Wood-Preserving  Plant,  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  &  Salt 

Lake   R.   R.,  Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

233  c     SEGALL,    S Gen.  Mgr.,  Rutgers  Works,  Lessingstra,  Berlin,  Germany. 

210  c     SEXTON,   C.    H Supervising   Inspector,   Western    Electric   Co.,   463   West    St., 

New   York. 

51  c     SHIPLEY,   GRANT   B Prest.,     Pittsburgh     Wood     Preserving     Co.,     Commonwealth 

Bldg.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

154  a     SHIPLEY,    L.    B Chemist,  The  Barrett  Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York. 

89  c     SHUFORD,   C.   S Supt.,   Republic   Creosoting   Co.,  Mobile,  Ala. 

98  c     SIGNOR,    GEO.    W Prest.,  Geo.   W.   Signor  Tie  Co.,  Shreveport,  La. 

262  a     SJODAHL,  H.  A Chemist,    Chatfield   Mfg.    Co.,    Station    P,   Cincinnati,   O. 

15  c     SMITH,   AMOS   M Supt.,  Ayer  &  Lord  Tie  Co.,  Argenta,  Ark. 

203  c     SMITH,  E.   BERNARD Gen.    Mgr.,  Dominion   Tar   &   Chemical   Co.,   Transcona, 

Manitoba,    Canada. 


54  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

291  c     SMITH,  FRANCIS  P Consulting   Engineer,    Dow    &    Smith,    131    E.   23rd   St.,   New 

York 

45  c     SMITH,  LOWRY Supt.  Tie  Plant,  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  Co.,  Brainerd,  Minn. 

34  c     SMITH,  P.  A Asst.  Mgr.,  Norfolk  Creosoting  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

28  c     SMITH,  PHIL  R 5426  Sheridan  Road,  Chicago,  111. 

289  a     SMITH,   R.    G Engineer   &    Chemist,    Standard   Oil   Co.,   200   Bush    St.,    San 

Francisco,   Cal. 
216  c     SMITH,  V.   C Consulting  Engineer,  Government  Railroads  of  India,  care  of 

Parr's  Bank,  Ltd.,  London,  N.  W.,  England. 
135  c     SMITH,  W.  J Treating    Inspector,    Pittsburgh    &    Lake    Erie    R.    R.     Co., 

Adelaide,   Pa. 
248  c     STAHL,  K.   F Consulting   Chemist,   General   Chemical   Co.,   57th   St.   and  A. 

V.  Ry.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

323  c     STAMFORD,   A ..Supt.,  U.  S.  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  Buell,  Va. 

327  c     STEARNS,   R.    B Vice-Prest.,  Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  &  Light  Co.,  Public 

Service  Bldg.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

104  c     STEINMAYER,  O.  C General  Treating  Inspector,  Frisco  Lines,  Springfield,  Mo. 

58  c     STERLING,   E.  A Mgr.,  Trade  Extension   Dept.,   Nat'l   Lumber  Mfr's  Assoc., 

925  Lumber  Exchange,  Chicago,  111. 

238  a     STERNBERG,  DR.  LEO. .  .Manager,   Hulsberg  &   Co.,  Lessingstra,  Berlin,   Germany. 
13  c     STEWART,    F.   H..  ..Supt.    Creosoting    Plant,    Central    of    Georgia    Ry.,    Crump's 

Park,  Ga. 
92  c     STIMSON,   EARL Engineer  Maintenance  of  Way,  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  Co., 

Baltimore,   Md. 

285  c     STOCKING,  E.  J Sales    Manager.,    Chicago    Creosoting    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

312  c     STULL,   T.   G Chief  Lumber  Inspector,  C.  I.  &  L.  R.  R.,  Bloomington,  Ind. 

287  c     SWAN,  O.  T..,  ...Sec'y,  Northern  Hemlock  &  Hardwood  Mfr's  Assoc.,  Oshkosh, 

Wis. 
129  a     SWINK,   ROBERT  B Gen.  Mgr.,  Southern  Tie  &  Lumber  Co.,  Medon,  Tenn. 

36  c  TAYLOR,  C.  MARSHALL. Supt.,  Port  Reading  Creosoting  Plant,  Port  Reading,  N.  J. 

304  c  TAYLOR,  THOS.  B Asst.   to    Prest.,   American    Creosoting   Co.,   Louisville,   Ky. 

172  c  TEESDALE,  CLYDE  H...Asst.  Engineer,  Forest  Products  Laboratory,  Madison,  Wis. 
94  a  TESHIMA,    TOMOTAKE.  .Asst.  Mgr.,  Engrg.  Dept.,  Mitsui  &  Co.,  25  Madison  Ave., 

New  York. 

339  c     THOMAS,  MORRIS  A Operating  Engr.,  Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,  Creosote,  Wash. 

87  c     TIFFANY,  C.  W Gen.  Mgr.,  Acme  Tie  Co.,  Reed  City,  Mich. 

192  c     TILLEY,  C.  M Timber  Treating  Inspector,  Southern  Ry.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

197  c     TOWNSEND,  T.  G Timber  Treating  Inspector,  Southern  Ry.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

16  a    TOWNSLEY,   WM.,   JR.  .  ..Grasselli  Chemical  Co.,  The  Arcade,   Cleveland,  O. 

139  c     TRUMBULL,   M.    K Vice-Prest.,    National   Lumber    &    Creosoting   Co.,    1209    Com- 
merce Bldg.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

109  a    UNDERWOOD,  F.  D Prest.,  Erie  Railroad,  Hudson  Terminal,  New  York. 

17  c     VALENTINE,   H.    S Supt.,  Eppinger  &  Russell  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

65  c     VAN  METRE,  RICKER. .  Joyce- Watkins  Co.,  332  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 
207  a    von  BERNUTH,  OSCAR.  ..  Prest.,   Lembcke,  von   Bernuth   Co.,    171    Madison   Ave.,    New 

York. 
141  c     von  LEER,  H.  J Treating  Inspector,  Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R.  Co.,  Madison,  111. 

46  c     von  SCHRENK,  DR.  H. ..  .Consulting  Engineer,  Tower  Grove  &  Fladd  Aves.,  St.  Louis, 

Mo. 

326  c     WADDELL,  KENNETH  M.Chemist,  Santa  Fe  Tie  &  Lumber  Preserving  Co., 

Albuquerque,  N.  M. 

256  c     WALLACE,    H Supt.,   Canada   Creosoting   Co.,   Ltd.,   Trenton,    Ontario,    Can. 

Ill  a    WALSH,   P.    R Prest.,  Walsh-Griffith  Tie  &  Timber  Co.,  718  Title  Guaranty 

Bldg.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

81  c     WATERMAN,  J.  H Supt.  of  Timber  Preservation,  C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  Co.,  Gales- 
burg,    111. 

150  c     WATKINS,  W.   T Prest,  Joyce- Watkins  Co.,  332  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

134  c     WEBER,  J.  M Supt.,  Ohio  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  Orrville,  O. 

173  c     WEGENER,  RALPH  H ....  Inspector,  St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lumber  Co.,  902  North  M.  St., 

Tacoma,  Wash. 


A.  W.-P.  A.  MEMBERS  55 

305  a    WEGENER,  RICHARD. .  ..Preservatives    Salesman,   627   27th    St.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 
79  h    WEISS,   HOWARD   F..... Director,  Forest  Products  laboratory,  Madison,  Wis. 

171  c     WELSH,  C.  T Asst.    Plant    Operator,    Republic    Creosoting    Co.,    Plymouth 

Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

177  c     WHITE,  THOS Asst.     Mgr.,    American     Creosote    Works,     Station    B,    New 

Orleans,  La. 

149  c     WIGGETT,  C.  H Supt.   Tie  Plant,  El  Paso  &   Southwestern   System, 

Alamogordo,   N.   M. 

47  c     WILLIAMS,  J.    C Supt.   Wood-Preserving   Works,   Barber  Asphalt   Paving   Co., 

Maurer,  N.  J. 

138  c     WILLIAMS,  R.  R Vice-Prest.  &  Treas.,  Indiana  Tie  Co.,  Citizens  National  Bank 

Bldg.,  Evansville,  Ind. 
245  c     WILLIAMSON,   H.   E..,,..Gen.   Foreman  Timber  Preserving  Plant,  C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R., 

307    E.   First   St.,   Sheridan,  Wyo. 
102  c     WINSLOW,  CARLILE  P.. Engineer    in    Forest    Products,    Forest    Products    Laboratory, 

Madison,    Wis. 
125  c     WINSLOW,    GEOFFREY.. Mgr.,    Creosoting    Dept.,    St.    Paul    &    Tacoma    Lumber    Co., 

Tacoma,  Wash. 

235  c     WIRTH,   PHILIPP Prest.,  Anthrol  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  332  Spring  St., 

New  York. 

259  c     WOODWARD,  G.   W Asst.   Supt.   Timber  Preserving  Plant,  B.,  R.   &  P.  Ry.   Co., 

Bradford,   Pa. 
298  c     WRIGHT,    W.    E Manager    Sales,   Jennison- Wright   Co.,   313    Huron    St., 

Toledo,   O. 

c    ZELLER,  W.   C Supt.,  American  Creosoting  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

234  c     ZWINGAUER,  N Director,  Rutger  Works,  Lutzowstrasse,  Berlin,   Germany. 


Corrected  to  December  1,   1916. 


56 


HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    WOOD    PRESERVATION. 


PUBLICATIONS: 

Associated  Factory  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Companies,  Inspection 
Dept,  Boston,  1915. 

Dry  Rot:  F.  J.  Hoxie. 
McGraw-Hill  Book  Co.,  New  York.  1915-1916. 

Preservation  of  Structural  Timber:    H.  F.  Weiss. 
Pettibone,  Sawtell  &  Co.,  Chicago,  1904. 

Preservation  of  Timber:     Samuel  M.  Rowe. 
Southern  Pine  Association,  New  Orleans,  La.,  1916. 

Floors  of  Service. 
D.  Van  Nostrand  Publishing  Co.,  New  York,  1885. 

The  Preservation  of  Timber  by  the   Use  of  Antiseptics: 

Samuel  B.  Boulton. 

West  Coast  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association  and  Association  of 
Creosoting  Companies  of  Pacific  Coast,  Seattle,  Wash.,  1916. 
Creosoted  Douglas  Fir  Paving  Blocks. 
Structural  Timber  Handbook  on  Pacific  Coast  Woods: 
O.  P.  M.  Goss  and  Carl  Heinmiller. 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Bulletin  41.     Seasoning  of  Timber 1903 

50.  Cross-Tie   Forms   and   Rail   Fastenings  with 
Special  Reference  to  Treated  Timbers 1904 

51.  Report  of  Condition  of  Treated  Timbers  Laid 

in  Texas,  Feb.  1902 1904 

70.    Effect  of  Moisture  on  Strength  and  Stiffness 

of  Wood 1906 

"          78.     Wood  Preservation  in  the  United  States 1909 

"          84.     Preservative  Treatment  of  Poles 1911 

88.    Properties  and  Uses  of  Douglas  Fir 1911 

95.     Uses  of  Commercial  Woods  of  United  States: 

Cedars,  Cypresses  and  Sequoias 1911 

"          99.     Uses  of  Commercial  Woods  of  United  States: 

Pines 1911 

107.  The  Preservation  of  Mine  Timbers 1912 

108.  Tests  of  Structural  Timbers 1912 

112.     Fire-Killed  Douglas  Fir:    A  Studv  of  Its  Rate 

of  Deterioration,  Usability,  and  Strength 1912 

118.    Prolonging  the  Life  of  Cross-Ties 1912 

"        126.     Experiments  in  the  Preservative  Treatment  of 

Red  Oak  and  Hard  Maple  Cross-Ties 1913 

Circular  39.    Experiments  on  the  Strength  of  Treated  Timber   1908 
"          80.     The  Fractional  Distillation  of  Coal-Tar  Creo- 
sote   1907 

98.     Ouantity  and  Character  of  Creosote  in  Well- 
Preserved  Timbers 1907 

"        101.     The  Open  Tank  Method  for  the  Treatment  of 

Timber   '. . .  1907 

104.     Brush  and  Tank  Pole  Treatments 1907 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  57 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service — (Continued). 

Circularlll.    Prolonging  the  Life  of  Mine  Timbers 1907 

"         112.     The  Analysis  and    Grading  of  Creosotes 1908 

"        117.    The  Preservative  Treatment  of  Fence  Posts...  1907 
"        128.    Preservation  of  Piling  Against  Marine  Wood 

Borers 1908 

"        132.     The  Seasoning  and  Preservative  Treatment  of 

Hemlock  and  Tamarack  Cross-Ties 1908 

134.     The  Estimation  of  Moisture  in  Creosoted  Wood  1908 
"        136.     The  Seasoning  and  Preservative  Treatment  of 

Arborvitae  Poles 1908 

"        139.    A  Primer  of  Wood  Preservation 1908 

141.     Wood  Paving  in  the  United  States 1908 

"        146.    Experiments  with  Railway  Cross-Ties 1908 

"        147.    Progress  in  Chestnut  Pole  Preservation 1908 

"        151.    Preservative  Treatment  of  Loblolly  Pine  Cross- 

Arms  1908 

164.    Properties  and  Uses  of  Southern  Pines 1909 

186.     Consumption   of   Wood  Preservatives  and 

Quantity  of  Wood  Treated  in  igio 1911 

188.     Volatilisation  of  Various  Fractions  of  Creo- 
sote After  Their  Injection  into  Wood 1911 

"        189.    Strength  Values  of  Structural  Timbers 1912 

"        190.    A  Visual  Method  of  Determining  the  Penetra- 
tion of  Inorganic  Salts  in  Treated  Wood 1911 

"        191.    Modification  of  Sulphonation  Test  for  Creosote  1911 

"        192.    Prevention  of  Sap  Stain  in  Lumber 1912 

194.    Progress  Report  on  Wood  Paving  Experiments 

in  Minneapolis  1912 

198.  Condition  of  Experimental  Chestnut  Poles  in 
the    Warren-Buffalo  and  Pougkeepsie-Newton 
Square   Lines   After   Five    and    Eight    Years' 
Service    1912 

199.  Quantity  and   Quality   of   Creosote  Found  in 
Two  Treated  Piles  After  Long  Service 1912 

200.  The  Absorption  of  Creosote  by  the  Cell  Walls 

of  Wood 1912 

204.    Strength  Tests  of  Cross- Arms 1912 

206.     Commercial  Creosotes 1912 

209.    Service  Tests  of  Ties 1912 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Bulletin  12.     Uses  of  Commercial  Woods  of  United  States: 

Beech,  Birches,  and  Maples 1913 

67.     Tests  of  Rocky  Mountain  Woods  for  Telephone 

Poles 1914 

77.    Rocky  Mountain  Mine  Timbers 1914 

101.    Relative  Resistance  of  Various  Conifers  to  In- 
jection with  Creosote ... ...  1914 

145.     Tests  of  Wood  Preservatives..  .  1915 


58  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture — (Continued). 

Bulletin  227.     The  Toxicity  to  Fungi  of  Various  Oils  and 

Salts    1915 

286.    Strength  Tests  of  Structural  Timbers  Treated 

by  Commercial  Wood-Preserving  Processes. . .  1915 
333.     Termites,   or  "White   Ants"  in   the    United 
States:    Their  Damage,  and  Methods  of  Pre- 
vention      1916 

Farmers'  Bulletin  387.    The  Preservative  Treatment  of  Farm 

Timbers 1910 

Yearbook.      Fungous  Diseases  of  Forest  Trees 1900 

Extracts        Recent  Progress  in  Timber  Preservation 1903 

Prolonging  Life  of  Telephone  Poles 1905 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

Circular  127.    Insect  Injuries  to  the  Wood  of  Dying  and 

Dead  Trees 1910 

"        134.    Damage  to  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Poles  by 

Wood-Boring  Insects 1911 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

Bulletin  14.    The  Decay  of  Timber  and  Methods  of  Pre- 
venting it  1902 

114.    Sap-Rot  and  other  Diseases  of  Red  Gum 1907 

U.  S.  Army,  Engineer  Bureau. 

Professional  Memoirs.    Creosotes  and  Creosoting: 

Capt.  John  C.  Oakes April-June,  1909 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  State. 
Daily  Consular  and  Trade  Reports: 

Processes  for  Fireproofing  Wood Jan.  23,  1914 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  the  Interior,  Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Bulletin.         Coal-Tar  Products:     H.  C.  Porter 1915 

U.  S.  Treasury  Dept.,  Public  Health  and  Marine  Hospital  Service, 

Hygiene  Laboratory,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Bulletin  22.     Chloride  of  Zinc  as  a  Deodorant,  Antiseptic, 

and  Germicide   1905 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Report  on  Preservation  of  Wood 1864 

Iowa  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Ames,  Iowa. 
Bulletin  158.    Preservative  Treatment  of  Fence  Posts: 

G.   B.   MacDonald 1916 

Maryland  State  Board  of  Forestry,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Increasing  the  Durability  of  Fence  Posts: 

F.  W.  Beasley 1912 

Missouri  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Columbus,  Mo. 
Circular  51.     How  to  Prolong  the  Life  of  Fence  Posts: 

T     A,   Ferguson 1911 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  59 

PROCEEDINGS: 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

Paraffin  Bodies  in  Coal-Tar  Creosote  and  Their  Bear- 
ing on  Specifications:  S.  R.  Church  and  John 
Morris  Weiss 1914 

Creosoted  Wood  Block :    Geo.  W.  Tillson 1915 

American  Electric  Railway  Engineering  Association. 

Some  Factors  Affecting  the  Application  of  Wood 
Preservatives  to  Electric  Railways: 

C.  P.  Winslow  and  C.  H.  Teesdale 1915 

American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  New  York. 

Byproducts  Recovered  in  the  Manufacture  of  Coke: 

W.  H.  Childs May  26,  1916 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  New  York. 

Recent  Results  Obtained  from  the  Preservative  Treat- 
ment of  Telephone  Poles:  F.  L,.  Rhodes  and  R. 

F.    Hosford 1915 

American  Railway  Bridge  &  Building  Association,  Elgin,  111. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Wood  Preservation 1908-1912 

Preservation   of   Timber 1913 

Annual    Cost    of    Treated    and    Untreated    Piles    in 

Trestles  1914 

American  Railway  Engineering  Association,  Chicago,  111. 

Changes  Which  Take  Place  in  Coal-Tar  Creooste 
During  Exposure:  Hermann  von  Schrenk,  E.  B. 
Fulks  and  A.  L.  Kammerer 1907 

Report  of  Committee  on  Wood  Preservation 1909-1916 

Precautions   to   be   Observed  in  Burnettizing    Ties: 

Octave    Chanute 1909 

The  Microscopical  Structure  and  Physical  Condition 
of  Wood  as  Affects  Penetration  by  Preservatives: 
Harry  D.  Tiemann 1909 

Condition  of  Treated  Timbers  Laid  in  Texas  in  1902: 

Carlile  P.  Winslow 1910 

Tentative  Grouping  of  Ties  for  Experimental  Pres- 
ervative Treatment:  Howard  F.  Weiss 1910 

Fungi  Which  Live  on  Structural  Timber:     C.  J. 

Humphrey    1910 

Fourth  Progress  Report  on  Tests  on  Treated  Ties: 

W.  K.  Hatt 1910 

Note  on  the  Strength  of  Ties   Treated  with   Crude 

Oil:     W.  K.  Hatt 1911 

The  Electrical  Resistance  of  Timber  as  Affected  by 
Treatment  with  Preservatives:  J.  T.  Butter- 
field  1911 

Grouping  of  Timbers  for  Antiseptic  Treatment 1912 

Air  Seasoning  of  Ties:     Wm.  H.  Kemper 1913-1914 

The  Use  of  Refined  Coal-Tar  in  the  Creosoting  In- 
dustry: Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk  and  Alfred 
L.  Kammerer 1914 

Effect  of  Creosoting  on  Strength  of  Oregon  Fir  Pil- 
ing: H.  B.  MacFarland .  1914 


60  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 


American  Railway  Engineering  Association — (Continued). 

Test  of  Treated  and  Untreated  Oregon  Fir  Piling: 

H.  B.  MacFarland 1914 

The  Effect  of  the  Structure  of  Wood  Upon  its  Per- 
meability: Irving  W.  Bailey 1915 

Test  of  Douglas  Fir  Bridge  Stringers:  H.  B.  Mac- 
Farland    1916 

Water  Sampling  in  Creosote  Oil;  Relation  of  Amount 
of  Preservative  and  Depth  of  Penetration  to  the 
Resistance  of  Materials  Against  Decay;  Compila- 
tion of  Service  Tests 1916 

Service  Tests  of  Treated  and  Untreated  Fence  Posts: 

Harlow  Bradley 1916 

Service  Tests  of  Ties  in  the  Chicago  &  North  Western 
Railway  near  Janesville,  Wis.;  Northern  Pacific 
Railway  near  Plains,  Mont.;  and  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railway  near  Maywood,  Wash.:  C.  H. 
Teesdale  1916 

Tie  Durability  Records:  C.  P.  Winslow  and  C.  H. 

Teesdale 1916 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  New  York. 

The  Preservation  of  Timber 1885 

The  Artificial  Preservation  of  Railroad  Ties  by  the 

Use  of  Zinc  Chloride:     Walter  W.  Curtis 1899 

The  Preservation  of  Railway  Ties  in  Europe: 

O.  Chanute  1900 

Timber  Preservation,  Its  Development  and  Present 

Scope:     Walter  Buehler 1910 

American  Society  of  Municipal  Improvements,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Wood  Block  Pavements  with  Reference  to  Economic 
and  Efficient  Wood  Preservatives:  J.  W.  How- 
ard   1915 

The  Treatment  of  Wood  Paving  Blocks:  C.  H.  Tees- 
dale  1916 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

A  Fungus  Bed  Test  of  Wood  Preservatives:     C.  M. 

Chapman    1915 

The  Sampling  and  Analysis  of  Creosote  Oil 1915 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association.   Baltimore,   Md. 

Testing  of  Creosote  Oils:    H.  W.  Jayne 1905 

Twenty-three  Years'  Experience  with  Creosoted  Tim- 
ber, and  Results:  J.  C.  Haugh 1905 

The  Use  of  Saturated  Steam  During  Treatment: 

F.  D.  Beal 1905 

How  Heating  Coils  Can  be  Maintained  in  the  Retorts: 

E.  S.  Christian 1905 

The  Adoption  of  a  Standard  Method  of  Computing 

Prices  on  Treated  Timber:    P.  F.  Dundon 1905 

Education  for  Timber-Preserving  Specialists: 

F.  D.  Beal 1906 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  61 


American  Wood-Preservers'  Association—  (.Continued). 

Classification  of  the  Proper  Condition  of  Timber  for 

Treatment:  A.  S.  Case 1906 

General  Conditions  Governing  Wood-Preserving 

Plants:  D.  Burkhalter 1906 

The  Future  Progress  of  Wood  Preservation: 

Carl  G.  Crawford 1906 

A  Sketch  of  Methods  and  Practice  in  Use  at  Mexican 

Central  Railway  Company's  Plant  at  Aguascalientes: 

J.  E.  Philippi 1906 

Progress  of  Timber  Preservation  in  1906: 

Carl  G.  Crawford... 1907 

The  Advantages  and  Disadvantages  of  Steaming: 

O.  Chanute 1907 

The  Causes  of  Decay  in  Timber:  C.  W.  Berry 1907 

History  of  Wood  Preservation  in  America: 

Octavo  Chanute. 1909 

Heartwoods  Which  can  be  Treated:    H.  J.  Valentine.  1909 
The  Treatment  of  Dead  Timbers:    C.  W.  Berry. .....  1909 

The  Proper  Grouping  of  Timbers  for  Treating: 

J.  S.  Baker 1909 

Inflammability  of  Treated  Timbers:  H.  M.  Rollins...  1909 
Quantity  and  Quality  of  Creosote  for  Treating  Piling: 

R.  J.  Calder 1909 

Use  of  Crude  Oil  as  a  Timber  Preservative,  and  the 

Best  Method  of  Application:  George  E.  Rex....  1909 
Should  an  Attempt  be  made  to  Air-Season  Timber 

Before    Treating   in    the   Southern   Part   of   the 

United  States:  R.  L.  Allardyce 1909 

What  is  the  Best  Power  for  Moving  Ties  and  Material 

Throughout  the  Yard  and  Into  the  Retorts: 

J.  B.  Card 1909 

Treating  in  Open-Tanks 1909 

Experience  in  Injury  to  Men  from  Handling  Creo- 

soted  Material  1909 

Effect  of  Timbers  Treated  With  Creosote  or  Zinc 

Chloride  on  Electric  Currents  Passing   Through 

Other  Materials  in  Contact  With  the  Timber 1909 

Creosoting  Douglas  Fir:  David  Allerton 1909 

What  Effect  Does  the  Time  of  Cutting  Timber  Have 

on    the    Rate    of   Seasoning    and    Treatment    of 

Same:  -  J.  C.  Williams 1910 

Economics  of  Cables,  Electricity  or  Locomotives  in 

Moving  Materials  at  Plants:  Andrew  Gibson...  1910 
Inflammability  of  Treated  Timber:  H.  M.  Rollins...  1910 
Advantages  and  Economy  of  Various  Retort  Doors: 

David  Allerton 1910 

Advantages  and  Economy  of  Various  Retort  Doors: 

S.  M.  Rowe 1910 

Precaution  to  be  Observed  for  Prevention  of  Fire  in 

Creosoting  Plants:     Lowry  Smith 1910 


62  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Continued). 

Precautions  to  be  Observed  to  Prevent  Fire  at  Plants: 

H.  J.  Whitmore 1910 

Results  Obtained  by  Treating  with  Crude  Petroleum: 

C.  M.  Taylor 1910 

What  Per  Cent,  of  Creosote  Oil  can  be  Withdrawn 

from  Wood  by  Subsequent  Vacuum:   J.  B.  Card..   1910 

Written  Discussion  on  Preceding  Article: 

David   Allerton 1910 

The  Forest  Products  Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wis- 
consin: Howard  F.  Weiss 1910 

Notes  on  Creosote  Analysis:    H.  M.  Newton 1910 

Proper  Grouping  of  Timbers  for  Treating: 

F.  J.  Angier 1910 

Amounts  of  Various  Antiseptics  Required  per  Cubic 
Foot  to  Obtain  Good  Results  for  Various  Pur- 
poses: R.  L.  Allardyce 1910 

Is  the  Covering  of  Retorts  Economical  and  Prac- 
tical: R.  W.  Yarbrough 1911 

Discussion  of  Preceding  Article:    J.  C.  Williams 1911 

How  Can  Excessive  Insurance  Rates  Usually  Charged 

by  Insurance  Companies  be  Avoided:   R.  J.  Calder  1910 

Difficulties  Encountered  by  Plants  in  the  North  That 
Plants  Located  in  the  South  do  not  Have  to  Con- 
tend With:  Andrew  Gibson 1911 

Should  Sawn  and  Hewn  Ties  of  the  Same  Kind  of 
Timber   of   the   Same   Degree    of  Seasoning   be 
Treated  in  the  Same  Cylinder  Load: 
H.  J.  Whitmore 1911 

Wood  Block  Paving:    Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk 1911 

How  to  Pile  Lumber,  or  Piling  Timber: 

J.  H.  Waterman 1911 

Feasibility  of  Grouping  Timbers  for  Treatment: 

W.  F.  Goltra 1911 

What  Depths  of  Penetration  Are  to  be  Expected  from 
the  Different  Amounts  of  Preservatives  Usually 
Specified:  David  Allerton 1911 

What  Depths  of  Penetration  are  to  be  Expected  from 
the  Different  Amounts  of  Preservatives  Usually 
Specified:  R.  L.  Allardyce 1911 

Discussion  of  Preceding  Articles:  J.  C.  Williams. . . .  1911 
Some  Results  Obtained  in  this  Country  in  Prolonging 
the  Life  of  Railway  Cross  Ties  by  Preservative 
Treatment  as  Shown  by  the  Records  that  have 
been  Kept,  and  a  Better  Method  of  Keeping  these 
Records:  F.  J.  Angier 1911 

Some  Results  from   Treated   Ties  along   the   South 

Atlantic  Coast:    Wm.  A.  Fisher 1911 

Timber  Supply  in  Relation  to  Wood  Preservation: 

E.  A.  Sterling 1911 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  63 


American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Continued). 

General  Review  of  Timber  Treating  in  this  Country, 
with  Special  Reference  to  Causes  That  Have  Been 
and  are  Retarding  its  More  Universal  Adoption: 
John  T.  Logan 1911 

Review  of  Development  in  Timber-Treating  Industry: 

Walter  Buehler  1911 

Benefits  Derived  from  Attending  Annual  Meetings  of 
the  Wood-Preservers'  Association  by  Members 
of  the  Association:  Wm.  Townsley,  Jr 1911 

What  Percentage  of  Creosote  Oil  can  be  withdrawn 
from  Wood  by  Subsequent  Vacuum: 

C.  D.  Chanute 1911 

Asphaltic    Oils   as   Applied    to    the    Preservation    of 

Railroad  Ties:  Frank  W.  Cherrington 1911 

Impurities  in  Zinc  Chloride:  C.  Marshall  Taylor....  1911 
The  Production  of  the  Wooden  Cross  Tie: 

A.  R.  Joyce 1912 

Economic  Material  for  Boat  and  Barge  Construction: 

A.  E.  Hageboeck 1912 

Cutting  and  Seasoning  of  Timber:  A.  Meyer 1912 

Scientific  Management  of  Timber-Preserving  Plants: 

D.  Burkhalter 1912 

Efficiency  in  Plant  Operation:     E.  A.  Sterling 1912 

Creosote  Oil  Specifications  and  Methods  of  Analysis: 

S.  R.  Church 1912 

Evaporation  of  Creosote  and  Crude  Oils: 

P.  E.  Fredendoll 1912 

Comparison    of    the    Absorption    and    Expansion    of 
Properties  of  Wood  Paving  Blocks  when  Treated 
with  Paving  Oil  of  a  Specific  Gravity  of  1.2  and 
Creosote  Oil  of  Specific  Gravity  of  1.055: 
H.  M.  Rollins . .- 1912 

Wood  Block  Pavement  from  a  Construction  Stand- 
point: Day  I.  Okes 1912 

Creosoted  Wood  Paving  Blocks:    A.  E.  Larkin 1912 

Structure  of  Commercial  Woods  in  Relation  to  the 

Injection  of  Preservatives:    Howard  F.  Weiss...  1912 

Creosotes  and  Creosoting  Oil:    David  Allerton 1912 

Creosote  Specifications  and  Analysis: 

Dr.  Hermann  von   Schrenk 1912 

Arrangement  of  Yard;  Piling  Ties  and  Timber  and 

Kindred  Subjects:    J.  H.  Waterman 1912 

Treating  Seasoned  vs.  Unseasoned  Ties: 

F.  J.  Angier 1912 

Inspectors  and  Inspection  of  Material  and  Treatments 

at  Commercial  Plants:     R.  L.  Allardyce 1912 

Preservation  of  Power  Transmission  Poles: 

W.  R.  Wheaton 1912 

The  Production  and  Supply  of  Coal-Tar  Creosote: 

E.  A.    Sterling 1913 

A  Comparison  of  Zinc  Chloride  with  Coal-Tar  Creo- 
sote for  Preserving  Cross  Ties:  H.  F.  Weiss...  1913 


64  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Continued). 

Notes  on  Analysis  and  Testing  of  Coal-Tar  Creosote: 

L.  B.  Shipley 1913 

Some  Experimental  Treatments  with  Reference  to  the 
Effect  of  Initial  Air  Pressure  on  Penetration  of 
Creosote:  R.  S.  Belcher 1913 

The  Requirements  for  Successful  Timber  Treatment: 

Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk 1913 

The  Preliminary  Treatment  of  Timber  to  Insure  a 
More  Even  and  Satisfactory  Impregnation  with 
Creosote:  David  Allerton 1913 

The  Treatment  and  Care  of  Floors:  Geo.  W.  Saums.  1913 
Preservation  of  Lumber  for  Car  Construction: 

J.  H.  Waterman 1913 

Sap  in  Relation  to  the  Properties  of  Wood: 

S.  J.  Record 1913 

The  Mutual  Interest  of  Railroads  and  Commercial 

Companies  in  the  Work  of  This  Association: 

L.  B.  Moses 1913 

History  of  Wood  Preservation:  W.  F.  Goltra 1913 

Piece-Work  or  Unit  System  of  Handling  Ties  and 

Timbers:  W.  W.  Eldridge 1913 

Some  Tests  to  Determine  the  Effect  upon  Absorption 

and  Penetration  of  Mixing  Tar  with  Creosote: 

F.  M.  Bond 1913 

The  Transmission  of  Air  Pressure  in  Cross  Ties: 

C.  P.  Winslow : 1913 

Adzing  and  Boring  Ties,  and  the  Cost  of  Installing 

Plants  of  this  Kind:  J.  A.  Lounsbury 1913 

Natural  and  Artificial  Seasoning  of  Douglas  Fir  for 

Treatment:  F.  D.  Beal 1913 

Treatment  of  Douglas  Fir  with  Creosote  Oil: 

Geo.  A.  Colman 1913 

Efficient  Handling  of  Ties  and  Material:  A.  M.  Smith  1913 
Preparing  Timber  for  Treatment  in  the  Gulf  States: 

R.  L.  Allardyce 1913 

How  nearly  does  the  Modern  Yellow  Pine  Block 

Pavement  Approach  the  Ideal  Pavement  and  what 

Improvement  can  we  Suggest?  H.  L.  Collier....  1913 
Address  by  J.  E.  Rhodes,  Secretary-Manager  of  the 

National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association....  1913 
Timber  for  Creosoted  Block  Paving:  H.  G.  Davis...  1913 
Address  by  George  K.  Smith,  Secretary  Yellow  Pine 

Manufacturers'  Association 1913 

Laying  Wood  Block  Pavement:  H.  S.  Loud 1913 

Address  of  Welcome  by  Mayor  Behrman  of  New 

Orleans  1914 

Some  Methods  of  Separating  Water  from  Creosote 

Oil:  Thomas  White 1914 

Wood  Preservation  and  Forest  Conservation: 

J.  H.  Waterman 1914 

Specifications  for  Creosote  Oil 1914 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  65 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Continued). 

Details  of  Methods  of  Testing  Creosote  Oil 1914 

Creosote  Oil:    P.  C.  Reilly 1914 

The  Use  of  Refined  Coal-Tar  in  the  Creosoting 
Industry:  Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk  and  Alfred 
L.  Kammerer 1914 

Preliminary  Work  in  Fireproofing  Wood: 

Robert  E.  Prince 1914 

A  Comparison  of  Wood  Paving  in  European  Countries 
and  the  United  States:    S.  R.  Church 1914 

Report  of  Creosoted  Piling  in  Galveston  Bay  Bridge 

of  Santa  Fe  Railway 1914 

The  Construction  of  Creosoted  Wood  Block  Pave- 
ments: R.  S.  Manley 1914 

Creosoted  Wood  Block  Pavements:    Harry  G.  Davis.  1914 

Results  Obtained  by  Piling  Creosoted  Wood  Blocks 
Closely  in  Cages  and  the  Saving  Effected  Thereby: 
R.  H.  White 1914 

New  Type  of  Paving  Block  Plant:    J.  B.  Card. ......  1914 

The  Preservation  of  Wood  by  Means  of  Corrosive 

Sublimate  ( Kyanizing ) :     Dr.  Friedrich  Moll 1914 

The  Protection  of  Ties  from  Mechanical  Destruction: 

Howard  F.  Weiss 1914 

Future  Tie  Material  in  the  United  States: 

H.  H.  Gibson 1914 

Treatment  of  Piling  and  Timber  According  to  Condi- 
tion of  Use  and  Exposure:  E.  L.  Powell 1914 

Some  Facts  which  I  have  gathered  from  Observation 
and  Inspection  of  Experimental  Ties: 
J.  H.  Waterman 1914 

Steaming  Process  for  Ties  and  Timbers 1914 

Air  Pumps  vs.  Hydraulic  Pumps  for  Injecting  Pre- 
servatives into  Wood:  F.  J.  Angier 1914 

The  Effect  of  Varying  the  Preliminary  Air  Pressure 
in  Treating  Ties  upon  the  Absorption  and  Pene- 
tration of  Creosote:  Clyde  H.  Teesdale 1914 

Mechanical   Handling    of   Railroad    Cross    Ties   and 
Timbers  at  Timber  Preservation  Plants: 
Lambert  T.  Ericson 1914 

Discussion  of  Preceding  Paper:  F.  J.  Angier, 
J.  H.  Waterman,  William  A.  Fisher,  Amos  Smith 
and  Carl  G.  Crawford 1914 

Tram  Cars  and  their  Construction:    J.  H.  Grow 1914 

Methods  of  Keeping  Tie  Records:    E.  T.  Howson 1914 

The  Yale  Forest  School:    Samuel  J.  Record 1914 

Address  of  George  S.  Wood,  of  the  Forest  Products 

Exposition    1914 

Quantity  of  Wood  Preservatives  Consumed  and 
Amount  of  Wood  Treated  in  the  United  States 
in  1913:  Clark  W.  Gould 1914 

Timber-Treating  Plants  in  North  America: 

W.  F.  Goltra .  1914 


66  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Continued). 

Economical  Use  of  Steam  in  Connection  with  Wood- 
Preserving  Plants:  A:  M.  Lockett 1915 

Discussion  on  Plant  Operation:    Samuel  T.  Pollock..  1915 

Strength  and   Quality  of  Zinc  Chloride  Per  Tie  or 

Per  Cubic  Foot  of  Timber:    W.  F.  Goltra 1915 

Discussion  on  the  Economical  Use  of  Steam: 

M.  K.  Trumbull 1915 

Discussion  on  Leaching  of  Zinc  Salts  and  Effects  of 

Improper  Drainage:     F.  J.  Angier 1915 

Some  Suggestions  for  the  Welfare  of  the  Association: 

Charles   C.   Schnatterbeck 1915- 

Temperature   Changes   in    Wood    Under    Treatment: 

George  M.  Hunt 1915 

Discussion  on  Temperature  Changes  in  Wood  Under 

Treatment:     H.  M.  Rollins 1915 

Discussion  on  Steaming  Ties:    J.  B.  Card 1915 

The  Final  Inspection  of  Timber:     C.  M.  Taylor 1915 

A  Voice  From  the  Pacific  Coast:    H.  E.  Horrocks. . . .  1915 

A  Specification  for  a  Coal-Tar  Creosote  Solution: 
Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk  and  Alfred  L.  Kam- 
merer    1915 

Discussion  on  a  Specification  for  a  Coal-Tar  Creo- 
sote Solution:  V.  K.  Hendricks,  P.  C.  Reilly  and 
J.  C.  Williams 1915 

Air  Seasoning  of  Cross  Ties:    A.  H.  Noyes 1915 

Method  of  Buying  and  Inspecting  Ties  Produced  along 

the  Right  of  Way:    W.  F.  Goltra 1915 

Discussion  on  Air  Seasoning  of  Cross  Ties: 

Samuel  J.  Record  and  Wm.  A.  Fisher 1915 

A  Method  for  Finding  the  Annual  Charges  for  Ties: 

Harrington  Emerson  and  T.  T.  Bower 1915 

Discussion  on  a  Method  for  Finding  the  Annual 
Charges  for  Ties:  V.  K.  Hendricks,  W.  F.  Goltra, 
C.  P.  Winslow 1915 

The  Mechanical  Life  of  Ties  as  Affected  by  Ballast: 

E.  Stimson 1915 

Additional  Facts  on  Treated  Ties:    J.  H.  Waterman..   1915 
Treated  Timber  for  Factory  Construction: 

F.  J.  Hoxie 1 1915 

The  Comparative  Toxicity  of  Coal-Tar  Creosote  and 

Creosote  Distillates  and  of  Individual  Constituents 

for  the  Marine  Wood-Borer,  Xylotrya: 

Dr.  L.  F.  Shackell 1915 

Sill  Ties:  F.  J.  Angier 1915 

Discussion  on  Sill  Ties:  Samuel  T.  Pollock  and 

Harrington  Emerson 1915 

Destruction  of  Timber  by  Marine  Borers: 

E.S.Christian 1915 

Discussion  on  Destruction  of  Timber  by  Marine 

Borers:  J.  C.  Williams 1915 

Attack  of  Marine  Borers  on  Creosoted  Material: 

T.  G.  Townsend..  1915 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  67 

American  Wood-Preservers'  Association — (Concluded). 

Laboratory  Analysis  after  Treatment  versus  Actual 
Record  during  Treatment  of  Creosoted  Wood 
Paving  Blocks:  Frank  W.  Cherrington 1915 

Discussion  on  Report  on  Wood  Block  Paving: 

E.  R.  Button 1915 

The  Bleeding  and  Swelling  of  Paving  Blocks: 

Clyde   H.   Teesdale 1915 

Discussion  on  Bleeding  and  Swelling  of  Wood  Block 

Pavements:    L.  E.  Hess  and  E.  R.  Button 1915 

Progress  in  Timber-Treating  Industry: 

J.  W.  Kendrick 1916 

Creosoted  Piling  and  Poles:    Frank  W.  Cherrington. .  1916 
Methods  of  Creo sating  Douglas  Fir  Timbers: 

O.  P.  M.  Goss 1916 

Vacuum  Process  in  Creosoting:    John  B.  Isaacs* . . . .  1916 
Notes  on  Measuring  Devices  and  on  Methods  of  De- 
termining Cubical  Contents  Per  Charge: 

C.  W.  Lane 1916 

Selecting  and  Buying  Fuel:    W.  H.  Grady 1916 

The  Foreign  Creosote  Oil  Situation:   G.  A.  Lembcke.  1916 

Woods  Suitable  for  Cross  Ties:    R.  Van  Metre 1916 

Quantity  of  Zinc  Chloride  Per  Tie  or  Per  Cubic  Foot 
of  Timber,  and  Method  of  Determining  the  True 

Strength  of  the  Solution:    W.  F.  Goltra 1916 

Marine  Borers  from  the  Wood-Preservers'  Stand- 
point: Br.  L.  F.  Shackell 1916 

Preservative  Specifications  for  Wood  Paving  Blocks: 

A.  E.  Larkin 1916 

Fungi  Which  Grow  on  Untreated  Ties  or  Untreated 

Wood:     Br.  H.  von  Schrenk 1916 

Treated  Wood  Block  for  Factory  Flooring  and  Mis- 
cellaneous Uses:  C.  H.  Teesdale 1916 

Service  Tests  of  Wood  Block  Paving 1916 

Woods  Suitable  for  Cross  Ties: 

Carlile  P.  Winslow  and  John  A.  Newlin 1916 

Conservation  of  our  Natural  Resources:  F.  H.  Newell  1916 

Service  Tests  of  Cross  Ties 1916 

Durability  Records  of  Cross  Ties: 

Carlile  P.  Winslow  and  C.  H.  Teesdale 1916 

Service  Tests  of  Bridge  and  Structural  Timber 1916 

Revision  of  the  Constitution:     John  Foley 1916 

Quantity    of    Wood    Preservatives    Consumed    and 
Amount  of  Wood   Treated  by   Wood-Preserving 
Plants  in  the  U.  S.  in  1915:    R.  K.  Helphenstine. .  1916 
U.  S.  Patents  on  Wood  Preservation: 

B.  B.  Berolzheimer 1916 

Bibliography  of  Wood-Boring  Crustaceans: 

Br.  F.  Moll 1916 

Arkansas  Good  Roads  and  Brainage  Association,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Creosoted  Wood  Block  Paving:     Walter  Buehler 1916 


68  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  Preservation  of  Railway  Ties  and  Timber  by  the 

Use  of  Antiseptics:    Joseph  P.  Card. . . . . .  .April,  1887 

Wood-Preserving  and  Uses  of  Treated  Lumber: 

F.  A.  Weaver May,  1914 

Timber  Conservation  and  Preservation  in  the  United 

States:     E.  L.  Powell ...May,  1914 

Preservative    Treatment  of   Timber:     J.   M. 

Goldman   Oct.,  1914 

The  Creosoting  of  Cross-Ties  as  Practiced  by  Ameri- 
can Railroads:  O.  C.  Steinmayer Mar.,  1915 

Engineering  Society  of  Western   Pennsylvania. 

The  Preservation  of  Structural  Timbers  from  Decay: 

C.  P.  Winslow 1910 

Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Methods  and  Hconomic  Aspects  of  Modern  Timber 

Preservation:    Gellert  Alleman 1907 

International  Congress  of  Applied  Chemistry. 

Tests  to  Determine  the  Commercial  Value  of  Wood 

Preservatives:    H.  F.  Weiss.    Vol.  13,  Section  6a  1912 
Antiseptic   Tests   of   Wood-Preserving   Oils:     A.    L. 

Dean  and  C.  R.  Downs.    Vol.  13,  Section  6a 1912 

International  Engineering  Congress,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Preservative   Treatment  of   Timber:     H.  F.  Weiss 

and  C.  H.  Teesdale 1915 

Louisiana  Engineering  Society,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Creosoted  Wood  Block  Pavements:     F.  P. 

Hamilton    August,  1916 

National  Electric  Light  Association,  New  York. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Preservative  Treatment  of 

Poles  and  Cross-Arms May,  1910  and  May,  1911 

Poles  and  Pole  Preservation:     Russell  A.  Griffin 1913 

National  Fire  Protective  Association. 

Tests  on  the  Inflammability  of  Untreated  Wood  and 
of  Wood  Treated  with  Fire-Retarding  Com- 
pounds: R.  E.  Prince 1915 

National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association,  Chicago,  111. 
Preservative  Treatment  of  Farm  Timbers: 

E.  A.  Sterling 1916 

New  England  Railroad  Club,  Boston,  Mass. 

A  General  Consideration  of  Timber  Under  Conditions 
of  Modern  Demand  and  Growth:  Hermann  von 

Schrenk   1907 

New  York  Railroad  Club. 

The  Seasoning  and  Preservative  Treatment  of  Wood- 
en Cross-Ties:  F.  J.  Angier 1910 

Railway  Storekeepers'  Association,  Cleveland,  O. 

Treatment  of  Lumber  and  the  Handling  of  Same  Be- 
fore and  After  Treatment:  Hermann  von 

Schrenk    1909 

St.  Louis  (Mo.)  Railway  Club. 

Recent  Progress  in  Testing  Wood  Used  by  the  Rail- 
roads: H.  F.  Weiss 1916 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  69 

Western  Society  of  Engineers,  Chicago,  111. 

Preservative  Treatment  of  Timber:  O.  Chanute. April,  1900 

Preservation  of  Timber:    S.  M.  Rowe. ... .  June,  1900 

Factors  Which  Cause  the  Decay  of  Wood:    Hermann 

von  Schrenk. May,  1901 

Timber  Treating  Plants:    W.  W.  Curtis Oct.,1903 

Wood  Preservation  from  an  Engineering  Standpoint: 

C.  T.  Barnum June,  1910 

Yellow  Pine  Manufacturers'  Association.     (Southern  Pine  Asso- 
ciation.) 

Prevention   of  Decay  in  Factory   Timbers:     F.   J. 

Hoxie  1914 

PERIODICALS: 

American  City,  New  York. 

Wood  Block  Pavements:    H.  S.  Loud March,  1916 

American  Lumberman,  Chicago,  111. 

Wood  Block  for  Factory  Floors Nov.  28,  1914 

Impregnation  of  Timber  to  Protect  it  from  Fire: 

Dr.  F.  Moll Dec.  26,  1914 

The  Preservative  Treatment  of  Wooden  Silos:    G.  M. 

Hunt  March  13,  1915 

Preservative  Treatment  of  Wood: 

E.  W.  Peters Apr.  17,  1915 

Wood  Preservation:    H.  E.  Horrocks July  17,  1915 

Rot  in  Stored  Lumber;  A   Danger  to  Builders  and 

Dealers:    C.  J.  Humphrey Aug.  14,  1915 

How  Strengths  of  Woods  are  Tested .Aug.  7,  1915 

Silo  Preservatives  that  are  Safe Sept.  1 1,  191 5 

Demand  for  Creosoted  Wood  Conduits Oct.  2,  1915 

Wood  Blocks  Treated  Economically Nov.  20,  1915 

Fire  Tests  of  Wood  at  the  Forest  Products  Labora- 
tory:   Clyde  H.  Teesdale Dec.  11,  1915 

Test  Proves  Wood's  Fire-Resistive  Qualities.  .Dec.  18,  1915 
American  Roofer. 

Fire-Proofing  Wooden  Shingles:    H.  F.  Weiss.. Dec.,  1914 
Armour  Engineer,  Chicago,  111. 

The  Preservation  of  Wood  from  Decay:     Clyde  H. 

Teesdale  March,  1915 

Canadian  Engineer,  Toronto,  Ontario. 

Battle  Against  Rot Nov.  19,  1914 

Creosoted  Wood  Block  Paving: 

Andrew  F.  Macallum April  15,  1915 

Creosoted  Wood  Block  Pavements: 

Andrew  F.  Macallum Mar.  30,  1916 

Electric  Railway  Journal,  New  York.  . 

Wood  Preservation:    A.  L.  Kuehn Dec.  3,  1910 

Economical  Use  of  Wood  and  Preservation  of 

Timber:    E.  W.  Bright Dec.  19,  1914 


70  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Electric  Traction  Weekly,  Cleveland,  O. 

Timber  Preservation:     Carlile  P.  Winslow 1911 

Engineering  News,  New  York. 

Creosoting  Plant  of  the  Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,  Eagle 

Harbor,  Wash Nov.  3,  1910 

Marine  Wood  Destroyers  in  the  Waters  of  the  South 

Atlantic  Ports:    W.  H.  Faucette Jan.  5,  1911 

Tie  Treating  Plant,  Louisville  &  Nashville 

R.  R Sept.  24,  1914 

New  Tie  Treating  Plant  on  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway:  L.  J.  Putman April  20,  1916 

Resin  in   Yellow  Pine  for  Decay  Resistance:     F.  J. 

Hoxie  and  Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk. .  .April  20,  1916 

Engineering  Record,  New  York. 

Plant   of   the  National  Lumber   &   Creosoting   Co.: 

Grant  B.  Shipley July  29,  1911 

Factors  Affecting  Structural  Timbers: 

H.  S.  Betts Aug.  29,  1914 

Efficiency  of  Various     Parts  of  Coal-Tar  Creosote 

Against  Marine  Borers:    C.  H.  Teesdale.Sept.  12,  1914 

How  the  Wood-Preserving  Industry  can  Avoid  Pos- 
sible Injury  Resulting  from  the  War:  C.  H. 
Teesdale  Sept.  26,  1914 

Decay  in  Wooden  Bleachers:    C.  H.  Teesdale.  .Oct.  3,  1914 

Creosoted  Wood  Blocks  Suitable  for  Bridge  Floors 

if  Fire-Proofed:    L.  T.  Ericson June  5,  1915 

Forestry  Quarterly,  Toronto  Canada. 

Preservative  Treatment  of  Wood: 

Irving  W.  Bailey March,  1913 

Preservation  of  Mine  Timbers:   Dr.  F.  Moll.. Vol.  13,  1915 
Journal  of  Industrial  &  Engineering  Chemistry,  Easton,  Pa. 
Method  of  Determining  the  Amount  of  Zinc  Chloride 

in  Treated  Wood:     Ernest  Bateman Jan.,  1914 

Toxicity   of   Various   Wood   Preservatives: 

C  J.  Humphrey  and  Ruth  M.  Fleming..   .  (Feb.,    1914 

I  Aug.,  1915 

The  Application  of  the  Davis  Spot  Test  in  the  Pre- 
liminary Examination  of  Creosotes: 

H.   C.   Cloukey Nov.,  1915 

Study  of  the  Composition  of  Water-Gas-Tar: 

C.  R.  Downs  and  A.  L.  Dean May,  1914 

New  Method  for  Determining  Zinc  in  Treated  Wood: 

M.  Hume  Bedford  and  R.  Pfansteil Oct.,  1914 

Specific  Gravity;  Its  Determination  for  Tars,  Oils  and 

Pitches:     John   Morris  Weiss Jan.,  1915 

Lumber  Trade  Journal,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Preservation  of  Timber  by  Use  of  Fluoric  Salts: 

Dr.  F.  Moll Jan.  15,  1915 

Measuring  Moisture  in  Green  or  Dry  Lumber: 

S.  D.  Curtis April  1,  1915 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  71 

Lumber  World  Review,  Chicago,  111. 

Domestic  Supply  of  Wood  Preservatives: 

Clyde  H.  Teesdale Oct.  19,  1914 

Modern  Uses  of  Wood: 

Dr.  Hermann  von  Schrenk April  25,  1915 

Mining  &  Engineering  World,  Chicago,  111. 

Seasoning  and  Preservative  Treatment  of  Mine 

Timbers  May  18,  1912 

Municipal  Engineering,  Chicago,  111. 

Asphaltic  Oils,  Economical   Wood  Preservatives: 

Frank  W.  Cherrington May,  1911 

Durability  of  Creosoted  Block  Pavements  Increased 

by  Modern  Methods  of  Treatment: 

Frank  W.  Cherrington Dec.,  1915 

Wood- Blocks  for  Street  Paving:     Their  Treatment 

and  Handling May,  1916 

Municipal  Journal,  New  York. 

Experiments  with   Wood  Paving  Blocks: 

Clyde  H.  Teesdale May  6,  1915 

Railway  Age  Gazette,  New  York. 

Effect  of  the  War  on  Timber  Preservation.  .April  13,  1915 
Creosoted  Wood  Block  Floors  for  Railroad 

Buildings  Dec.  17,  1915 

Railway  &  Engineering  Review,  Chicago,  111. 
Chemical  Treatment  of  Timber: 

Hermann  von  Schrenk June  6,  1903 

Preservation  of  Timber  from  Decay: 

W.  F.  Goltra Oct.  7,  1911 

Steaming  Timber  Before  Treating  with  Preservatives: 

O.  Chanute  Mar.  2,  1913 

Railway  Maintenance  Engineer,  Chicago,  111. 

Penetration  of  Preservatives:    Lowry  Smith. ..  .June,  1916 
Railway  Review,  Chicago,  111. 

Air  Seasoning  of  Timber:  .W.  H.  Kempfer.  .Jan.  10,  1914 
Tie  Timber  and  the  Unnecessary  Wear  and  Tear  of 

Track:     Geo.  E.  Rex Sept.  18, 1915 

Proper  Oil  for  Creosoting  Wood  Blocks  for  Paving: 

P.  C.  Reilly Jan.  22,  1916 

Scientific  American  Supplement,  New  York. 

The  Modern  Electrical  Process  for  Rapidly  Drying 

and  Preserving  Wood Oct.  31,  1914 

Marine  Wood  Borers:    Clyde  H.  Teesdale Dec.  5,  1914 

Southern  Lumberman,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Impregnation  of  Preservatives: 

Samuel  J.  Record Dec.   19,  1914 

Variation  in  Weight  and  Strength  of  Timber: 

J.  A.  Newlin Jan.  22,  1916 

Sanitary  Handling  of  Timber: 

C.  J.  Humphrey April  1,  1916 


72  HANDBOOK  ON  WOOD  PRESERVATION 

Telephony,  Chicago. 

Study  of  the  Use  and  Preservation  of  Wooden  Poles: 

Dr.  F.  Moll April  11-25,  1914 

Service  Tests  of  Treated  and  Untreated  Telephone 

Poles:     Clyde  H.  Teesdale April  3,  1915 

Treatment  of  Poles  and  Cross-Arms  with  Preservatives: 

J.  B.  Wilkinson April  27,  1915 

University  of  Washington  Forest  Club  Annual,  Seattle,  Wash. 
The  Value  of  Ammonium  Polysulphide  as  a  Wood 

Preservative:     Donald  H.  Clark Vol.  Ill,  1915 

West  Coast  Lumberman,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Dry  Rot  in  Buildings  of  Mill  Construction: 

Howard  B.  Oakleaf Dec.  15,  1915 

Preservative  Treatments:    Geo.  E.  Rex Jan.  1,  1916 

Wood-Preservers'  Bulletin,  (Wood-Preserving),  Baltimore,  Md. 
Penetration  of  Timber  by  Preservatives: 

Clyde  H.  Teesdale Vol.  I  No.  3,  1914 

Specific  Gravity  and  Weight  of  Some  Important 

American  Woods Vol.  I  No.  3,  1914 

Toxicity  Tests  on  Wood  Preservatives: 

Carlile  P.  Winslow Vol.  I  No.  3,  1914 

St.  Helens  Creosoting  Plant,  St.  Helens,. 

Oregon  Vol.  I  No.  3,  1914 

Wood-Preserving,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Baltimore  &  Ohio   Timber  Preserving  Plant, 

Green  Spring,  W.  Va Vol.  II  No.  1,  1915 

The  Galesburg  (III.)  Tie  Plant  of  the  Chicago, 

Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad Vol.  II  No.  2,  1915 

Development  of  Demand  for  Wood  Blocks: 

R.  S.  Manley Vol.  II  No.  2,  1915 

The  Port  Reading  Creosoting  Plant  of  the 

Philadelphia  &  Reading  and  Central  R. 

R.  of  New  Jersey Vol.  II  No.  3,  1915 

Prolonging  the  Life  of  Poles: 

W.  F.  Goltra Vol.  II  No.  3  &  No.  4,  1915 

Vol.  Ill  No.   1,  1916 
Zinc  Chloride  as  a  Preservative: 

Alfred  H.  Clarke Vol.  II  No.  4,  1915 

The  Preservative  Treatment  of  Farm  Timbers: 

Geo.  M.  Hunt Vol.  II  No.  4,  1915 

Saving  Creosote  Oil  in  the  Treatment  of  Piling: 

Clyde  H.  Teesdale Vol.  II  No.  4,  1915 

The  Central  of  Georgia  Treating  Plant.  .Vol.  II  No.  4,  1915 
The  Economic  Use  of  Cross-Ties  on  the 

Baltimore  &  Ohio  R.  R Vol.  Ill  No.  2,  1916 

An  Experimental  Wood-Preserving  Laboratory: 

W.  G.  Mitchell Vol.  Ill  No.  2,  1916 

Decay:  An  Important  Factor  in  Plant  Management: 

Geo.  M.  Hunt Vol.  Ill  No.  2,  1916 

Treating  Ties  for  the  Grand  Rapids  &  Ind.,  the 

Pere  Marquette  and  Pennsylvania  Lines 

West  .  Vol.  Ill  No.  2,  1916 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  WOOD  PRESERVATION  73 


Wood-Preserving — (Concluded) . 

A  Pacific  Coast  Timber-Treating  Plant 

(Pacific  Creosoting  Co.,  Seattle,  Wash.)  : 

H.  E.  Horrocks Vol.  Ill  No.  3,  1916 

The  Relation  Between  the  Specific  Gravity  of 
Zinc  Chloride  Solutions  and  Their  Con- 
centrations: E.  Bateman Vol.  Ill  No.  3,  1916 

Experiments  in  Treating  Ties  in  India: 

Ralph  S.  Pearson Vol.  Ill  No.  3  &  4,  1916 

Wood-Preserving  Plants  in   the   Vicinity  of  New 

York    Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 

Wood-Preserving  Plant  at  Newark,  N.  J.:  • 

E.    G.    Draper Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 

Wood-Preserving  Plant  at  Maurer,  N.  J.: 

John  C.  Williams Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 

Use  of  Fluorides  in  Wood  Preservation: 

C.  H.  Teesdale Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 

Treated  Wood  in  New  York  Bridges. Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 

Relation  Between   Toxicity  and   Volatility   of 

Creosote  Oils— I:     E.  Bateman.  .Vol.  III.  No.  4,  1916 

Treatment  of  White-Oak  Ties.... Vol.  Ill  No.  3&4,  1916 

An  Experiment  in  the  Preservative  Treatment  of 
Fence  Posts — /: 
Morris   Greenberg Vol.  Ill  No.  4,  1916 


Wced^reserving 

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